FirstName
LastName
BirthPlace
Title
Education
Publications
AreaOfExpertise
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Background
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Dr. Branson's research interests are in mathematical biology and protein structure.
Part I: The Differential Action of Soft X-Rays on Tubifex.
Part II: The Construction and Operation of an X-Ray Intensity Measuring Device.
Part II: On the Quantization of Mass.
Martin Rywell (chief compiler) and Charles H. Wesley, et al. (North Miami, FL: Educational Book Publishers), 1974. p.190-191.
American Men and Women and Science. 16th ed.
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.683.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.37.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p.16.
Encyclopedia of Black American.
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 190-191.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 146.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Taylor, ed. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Proess), 1955. p.189.
Who's Who is America. 1986-87
(Chicago, IL: Marquis Who's Who), 1987 , p. 323.
Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1985.
Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. Publishing Co.), 1985. p. 88.
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p.48.
Ebony Success Library: 1,000 Successful Blacks.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 1973. v.1, p.40.
The paternity of George Carver is uncertain. "He usually named his father as a slave on a neighboring farm who was killed in a log-hauling accident shortly after George was born." (p.10) In contrast to his brother Jim, George was listed as "negro" rather than "mulatto" in the 1870 census. Because in Missouri, as other Southern States, slave marriages could not be legalized, and many slave women were victims of unsolicited sexual contacts. (p.10)
The western border of Missouri was the site of considerable guerilla warfare and "bushwhacker" activity for the time of the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 until months after Robert E. Lee's surrender in April 1865. Throughout the war, area residents were prey to looting and killing by Confederate bushwhackers, Union raiders, and ordinary outlaws taking advantage of the unsettled conditions. (p. 11) Moses Carver, as a prosperous slaveowning Unionist, was the target of raiders on three separate occasions. Near the end of the Civil War a group of men rode onto Moses Carver's land in search of money. Moses and Jim Carver were able to hide but Mary and the infant George were kidnapped and taken into Confederate Arkansas. The infant George was returned to Moses Carver in the end of 1865 after the intervention of a neighbor, John Bentley (Neosho, Missouri), but his mother Mary either died of could not be found. George Carver was raised by Susan and Moses Carver.
Source: Linda McMurray. George Washington Carver. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 1981.
For a lengthy discussion of the controversy of Carver's birth date. Anna Coxe Toogood. Historic Resource Study and Administrative History, George Washington Carver National Monument, Diamond, Missouri (Denver, 1973), pp. 8-21.
George Washington Carver captured the imagination of the American people. The romance of his life story and the eccentricities of his personality led to his metamorphosis into a kind of folk saint both in his lifetime and after. he was readily appropriated by many diverse groups as a symbol of myriad causes, To Southern businessmen Carver was an incarnation of the New South philosophy. Religious leaders embraced the scientist's proclaimed reliance upon God as an inspirational source in an age of materialism. Those struggling through the depression saw Carver as a living Horatio Alger whose story offered to those who tried hard enough. To people concerned with race relations Carver's career was either proof of the ability and intelligence of Afro-Americans of an indication that slavery and segregation could not have been too bad if they produced a Carver. And to the general public puzzled by technology that was changing the world with frightening speed, Carver made science seem more human and understandable. Thus, segments of his life and personality were often highlighted and embellished in order to prove a point. The public image that emerged was a kindly old "wizard," hardly offensive to any believer in the American dream.
Separating the real George Washington Carver from the symbolic portrayals of his life are difficult. Reality and mythology became blurred even within Carver's own mind, and his life did have mythic qualities. yet Carver was more than a folk saint; he was a real person, with all the complexities and contradictions inherent in human nature, and these were exaggerated by the fact that he was black in a white America. In the end he won international fame for his efforts to find commercial uses for Southern resources and was proclaimed one the of the world's greatest chemists. For a variety of reasons both the value of his discoveries and the significance of his role in revolutionizing the Southern economy were considerably inflated."
He became a member of the faculty of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in charge of the school's bacterial laboratory work in the Systematic Botany department. His work with agricultural products developed industrial applications from farm products, called chemurgy in technical literature in the early 1900s.
George W. Carver. Tuskegee, Alabama.
U.S. 1,541,478 Paint and Stain and Producing the Same June 9, 1925.
George W. Carver. Tuskegee, Alabama.
U.S. 1,632,365 Producing Paints and Stains. June 14, 1927.
George W. Carver. Tuskegee, Alabama.
Some of the synthetic products developed by Dr. Carver: *
Adhesives
Axle Grease
Bleach
Buttermilk
Cheese
Chili Sauce
Cream
Creosote
Dyes
Flour
Fuel Briquettes
Ink
Instant Coffee
Insulating Board
Linoleum
Mayonnaise
Meal
Meat Tenderizer
Metal Polish
Milk Flakes
Mucilage
Paper
Rubbing Oils
Salve
Soil Conditioner
Shampoo
Shoe Polish
Shaving Cream
Sugar
Synthetic Marble
Synthetic Rubber
Talcum Powder
Vanishing Cream
Wood Stains
Wood Filler
Worcestershire Sauce
* Source: Hattie Carwell. Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
(Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 18.
Afro-American Encyclopedia.
Martin Rywell and Charles H. Wesley, et al. (North Miami, FL: Educational Book Publishers), 1974. v.5, p. 1277-1280.
American Men of Science. 6th edition.
(New York, NY: Science Press) p. 230.
Black Pioneers in Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World), 1970. p. 73-85.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 18.
Dictionary of American Negro Biography.
Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, eds. (New York, NY: Norton), 1982. p. 92-95.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, eds. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 218.
George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol.
Linda O. McMurray. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 1981.
Great Negroes Past and Present.
Russell L. Adams. (Chicago, IL: Afro American Publishing Co.), 1969. p. 56-57.
In Spite of Handicaps.
Ralph W. Bullock. (New York, NY: Association Press), 1927. p.45-51.
Negro Tear Book : An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro. 1947
(Tuskegee, Ala. : Negro Year Book Pub. Co.), 1947. p. 37-38.
Who's Who in Colored America; A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of Negro descent in the United States.
Joseph J. Boris, editor. (New York, NY: Who's Who in Colored America Corp.)
E 185.96 W54 Middleton Library
1930-32. facing p. 87-88.
1933-37. facing p. 114.
1938-40. facing p. 112.
1941-44. facing p. 111-112.
Carver's Early Life
Robert P. Muller and Merrill J. Mattes. The Early Life of George Washington Carver. (26 November 1957) typescript, [George Washington Carver National Monument archives] , pp. 12-18. as cited in Linda McMurray. George Washington Carver. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 1981, p. 12.
Illustrations:
ABC's of Great Negroes.
Charles C. Dawson. (Chicago, IL: Dawson Publishers), p. 6.
Black Pioneers in Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World), 1970. p. 74.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
The Colored American from Slavery to Honorable Citizenship.
John W. Gibson and William H. Crogman. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Co.), 1902, 1903. p.599.
Famous American Negroes. (The Sixpenny Library -- No. 9)
Pauline Podbrey. (Cape Town, South Africa: African Bookman), 1944. p. 5.
For Freedom, A Biographical Sketch of the American Negro. [Juvenile Literature]
Arthur Huff Fauset. (Philadelphia, PA: Franklin Publishing & Supply Company), 1927 and revised editon 1934. p. 106.
Great American Negroes.
Ben Albert Richardson. (New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, Co.), 1945. p. 160.
The Handicapped Winners. [Juvenile Literature]
Sara Estelle Haskin. (Nashville, TN: Publishing House of the M.E. Church, South), 1922. facing p. 84.
Human Side of a People and the Right Name.
Raphael Philemon Powell. (New York, NY: Philemon Co.), 1937. p. 176.
In Spite of Handicaps.
Ralph W. Bullock. (New York, NY: Association Press), 1927. p.43, biography.
1927 Intercollegian Wonder Book; or 1799 -- The Negro in Chicago -- 1927 Vol. I
Frederic H. Robb. (Chicago, IL: Washington Intercollegiate Club of Chicago, IL), 1927. p. 133.
Leaders of the Colored Race in Alabama.
Joseph H. Moorman and E.L. Barrett. (Mobile, AL: News Publishing Co., Inc.), 1928. p. 59.
Little Journeys into Storyland; Stories That Will Live and Lift. [Juvenile Literature]
Louis B. Reynolds and Charles L. Paddock. (Nashville, TN: Southern Publishing Association), 1947. p. 10.
Meet the Negro. 2nd edition
Karl E. Downs. (Pasadena, CA: Login Press), 1943. p. 18.
Our Negro Brother. [Juvenile Literature]
Edith H. Mayer. (New York, NY: Shady Hill Press), 1945. p. 21
Pictorial History of the American Negro.
Thomas Oscar Fuller. (Memphis, TN: Pictorial History, Inc.), 1933. p. 294.
Progress of a Race or the Remarkable Advancement of the Colored American.
J.W. Gibson and W.H. Crogman, editors. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Company), 1920. p. 599.
13 Against the Odds.
Edwin Rogers Embree. (New York, NY: Viking Press), 1944. facing p. 97.
Twentieth Century Negro Literature or a Cyclopedia of Thought.
Daniel Wallace Culp. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Co.), 1902. facing p. 388.
Unsung Americans Sung.
William Christopher Handy. (New York, NY: Handy Brothers Music Co., Inc.), 1944. p. 68.
Who's Who in American History: Science & Technology.
(Chicago, IL: Marquis Who's Who), 1976. p. 98.
Who's Who in Colored America
Joseph J. Boris, editor. (New York, NY: Who's Who in Colored America Corp.)
Vol. I, 1927. facing p. 38.
Vol. I, 1928-29. facing p. 68.
Vol. I, 1930-32. facing p. 84.
Vol. I, 1933-37. facing p. 110.
Vol. I, 1938-40. facing p. 112.
Vol. I, 1941-44. facing p. 112.
Word Pictures of the Great. [Juvenile Literature]
Elise Palmer Derricotte, et al. (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, Inc.), p. 215.
World's Great Men of Color.
Joel Augustus Rogers. (New York, NY: J.A Rogers, Futuro Press), 1947. p. 634.
Magazine Articles
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (September, 1963) p. 112.
The picture of the bust of George Washington Carver in the park in Diamond Grove, Missouri.
Some former slave owners were haphazard in recording of slave births. Moses Carver was the landowner who purchased a thirteen-year-old girl named Mary in 1855. Moses, and his wife Susan, Carver were unconventional in their basic opposition to slavery and their support of the Union in the decade of rising tensions that eventually cumulated in the Civil War. (p. 7) It is uncertain how may children Mary bore. Although the only child whose birth date can be definitely established was Jim Carver (who died of smallpox in Seneca, Missouri in 1883), there are uncertain references to twin girls who died in infancy. Moses Carver provided a tombstone for Jim Carver with a birth date of 10 October 1859, a date supported by the 1860 census records.
In a similar situation, the understanding of the distribution of marine organisms and the processes that affect these distributions is essential to understanding the marine food chain and managing marine sources. The nutritionalstate of photoplankton can be determined from spectral characteristics. A group at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science has developed a three-color laser fluorimeter for shipboard applications encompassing two nitrogen/dve lasers. This system permits the measurement of photo-plankton pigments under static and flowing conditions.
Light of firefly has sparked growing interest in luminescence as technique in medical and biochemical research. Areas in which technique, known as 'firefly system' noted. Firefly system involves use of bug's 2 light-producing chemicals, luciferin and luciferase, to test for presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an energy storage compound contained in every living cell. Work done by Dr. William D McElroy led to discovery that amount of light generated is directly proportionate to level of ATP present. Considered test for life itself. NASA's interest in using firefly system in Viking mission as test for life on Mars noted. Drs. Emmett Chappelle and Grace Picciolo have developed method for immediate detection of bacteria in water. This has led to research in dealing with speedy diagnosis of urinary infections and follow-up work testing effect of various antibiotics on particular infections. Dr. Marlene DeLuca and Alan Antonik have adapted system for related work in measuring creatine phospho-kinase (CPK) in bloodstream.
New York Times Monday (August 25, 1975),p. 25, Column 4.
American Men and Women and Science. 15th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.145.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.53.
Ebony Handbook.
Doris E. Saunders, editor. (Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 1974. p. 370.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.177.
Illustrations:
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (November, 1961), p. 7.
American Chemical Society
New York Academy of Science
American Society of Photobiology
Lloyd Hall served as an assistant chief inspector of high explosives and research for United States government in World War I. Lloyd Hall served as a consultant in the subsistence development and research laboratories of the Quartermaster Corps of the United States Army during World War II. Dr. Hall is the holder of over 100 patents in the United States, Britain, and Canada.
After his retirement, he became a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1 U.S. 1,882,834 E.E. Mortell Asphalt Emulsion and Manufacture Thereof. Oct. 18, 1932
2 U.S. 1,914,351 E.L. Griffith Protective Coating. June 13, 1933
3 U.S. 1,995,119 C.L Griffith Solid Seasoning Composition Containing Capsicum and Chloride. Mar. 19, 1935
4 U.S. 1,995,120 C.L. Griffith Nonbleaching Solid Seasoning Composition. Mar. 19, 1935
5 U.S. 1,995,121 C.L. Griffith Stabilized Solid Seasoning Composition. Mar. 19, 1935
6 U.S. 2,022,464 Vitamin Concentration. Nov. 26, 1935
7 U.S. 2,032,612 C.L. Griffith Solid Seasoning Composition Containing Lecithin. Mar. 3, 1936
8 U.S. 2,097,405 Manufacture of Bleached Pepper Products. Oct. 26, 1937
9 U.S. 2,107,697 C.L. Griffith Sterilizing Foodstuffs. Feb. 8, 1938
10 U.S. 2,117,478 Curing Meats and the Like. May 17, 1938
11 U.S. 2,142,871 Homogeneous Alkaline Detergent and Producing Same. Jan. 3, 1939
12 U.S. 2,145,471 Stabilizing Nitrate Salt Composition. Jan. 3, 1939
13 U.S. 2,142,870 C.L. Griffith Alkaline Detergent Compound. Jan. 3, 1939
14 U.S. 2,144,371 C.L. Griffith Edible Dusting Powder. Jan. 17, 1939
15 U.S. 2,155,045 Inhibited Detergent Composition. April 18, 1939
16 U.S. 2,155,046 Inhibited Detergent Composition. April 18, 1939
17 U.S. 2,155,417 Manufacture of Protein Composition. April 25, 1939
18 U.S. 2,171,428 Composition of Matter. Aug. 28, 1939
19 U.S. 2,189,947 Sterilization Process. Feb. 13, 1940
20 U.S. 2,189,948 Sterilization of Pancreatin. Feb. 13, 1940
21 U.S. 2,189,949 Sterilizing Colloid Materials. Feb. 13, 1940
22 U.S. 2,251,334 Protein Composition of Matter. Aug. 5, 1941
23 U.S. 2,260,897 C.L. Griffith Seasoning Material Derived From Red Peppers
and the Derivation Thereof. Oct. 28, 1941
24 U.S. 2,321,673 Yeast Food June 15, 1943
25 Re. 22,284 C.L.Griffith Sterilization Process. Mar. 9, 1943
26 U.S. 2,357,650 Puncture Sealing Composition and Manufacture Thereof. Sept. 5, 1944
27 U.S. 2,363,730 Manufacture of Nitrogen-Fortified Whey Concentrate. Nov. 28, 1944
28 U.S. 2,385,412 Capsicum-Containing Seasoning Composition. Sept. 25, 1945
29 U.S. 2,414,299 Production of Protein Hydrolysate Flavoring Material. Jan. 14, 1947
30 U.S. 2,464,200 Manufacture of Stable Papain Composition. Mar. 15, 1949
31 U.S. 2,464,928 Phospholipid Carrier for Antioxidant. Mar. 27, 1949
32 U.S. 2,477,742 Gelatin-Base Coating for Food and the Like. Aug. 2, 1949
33 U.S. 2,464,927 L.L.Gershbein Antioxidant. Mar. 22, 1949
34 U.S. 2,493,288 Synergistic Antioxidants and Preparing the Same. Jan. 3, 1950
35 U.S. 2,500,543 Antioxidant . Mar. 14, 1950
36 U.S. 2,511,802 Synergistic Antioxidant. June 13, 1950
37 U.S. 2,511,803 Antioxidant Flakes. June 13, 1950
38 U.S. 2,518,233 Synergestic Antioxidant Containing Amino Acids. Aug. 8, 1950
39 U.S. 2,511,804 L. Sair Antioxidant Salt. June 13, 1950
40 Re. 23,329 Antioxidant. Jan. 16, 1951
41 U.S. 2,536,171 Production of Protein Hydrolysate. Jan. 2, 1951
42 U.S. 2,571,867 L. Sair Spice Extraction and Product. Oct. 16, 1951
43 U.S. 2,553,533 S.L. Komarik Curing Process for Bacon. May 15, 1951
44 U.S. 2,571,948 L. Sair Spice Extraction and Producing. Oct. 16, 1951
45 U.S. 2,668,770 Manufacturing of Meat-Curing Composition. Feb. 9, 1954
46 U.S. 2,668,771 Stable Curing Salt Composition and Manufacture Thereof. Feb. 9, 1954
47 U.S. 2,677,616 1954
48 U.S. 2,758,931 Antioxidant Composition. Aug. 14, 1956
49 U.S. 2,761,784 Reaction Product of Polyoxyethylene Derivative of a Fatty Acid Partial Ester of Hexitol Anhydride and Citric Acid and an Antioxidant Containing the Same. Sept. 4, 1956
50 U.S. 2,770,549 Meat Curing Salt Composition. Nov. 13, 1956
51 U.S. 2,772,169 Antioxidant Material and Use of Said Materials in Treating Meat. Nov. 27, 1956
52 U.S. 2,772,170 Antioxidant Composition. Nov. 27, 1956
53 U.S. 2,770,548 W.S. Kalchbrenner Meat-Curing Salt Composition. Nov. 13, 1956
54 U.S. 2,770,550 Meat-Curing Salt Composition. Nov. 13, 1956
55 U.S. 2,770,551 W.S. Kalchbrenner Meat-Curing Salt Composition. Nov. 13, 1956
56 U.S. 2,813,032 Antioxidant Containing the Same. Nov. 12, 1957
57 U.S. 2,845,358 H.L. Gleason Method of Preserving Fresh Frozen Pork Trimmings. July 29, 1958
58 U.S. 2,938,766 Sterilization of Hospital and Physician's Supplies. May 31, 1960
59 U.S. 2,981,628 Antioxidant Composition. Apr. 25, 1961
Source
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office.
United States Patent Office.
59 patents awarded to Lloyd A. Hall as principle or co-inventor.
Board of Directors, American Institute of Chemists
Honor Scroll Award, American Institute of Chemists (1956)
First black to hold office in the 32-year history of Food Chemists
Member of Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Sigma Xi
Honorary Secretary and Chairman of the Constitution and Bylaws Committee, Institute of Food Chemistry
American Chemical Society
Alpha Phi Alpha
American Public Health Association
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)
American Oil Chemists' Society
Illinois State Academy of Science
American Association of Cereal Chemists
American Men of Science
(New York, Bowker), 11th ed., p.2050.
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World), 1970. p. 103-111.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p.27-28.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
W. Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, editors. (New York : McGraw-Hill), 1981, p. 745, 412.
Great Negroes Past and Present.
Russell L. Adams. Illustrated by Eugene Winslow. Edited by David P. Ross, Jr.
(Chicago, IL: Afro-Am Publishing Co.), 1969. p. 68.
Historical Afro-American Biographies. 2nd ed.
Wilhelmena S. Robinson. (New York, NY: Publishers Co.), 1968. p. 197-198.
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups. 3rd edition
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980. p. 396.
Negro Almanac.
(New York, NY : Bellwether Pub. Co.). 1976, p. 760.
The Negro in Science.
Julius H. Taylor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 182.
Negro Year Book: A Review of Events Affecting Negro Life, 1941-1948.
Jessie Parkhurst Guzman, editor. (Tuskegee, AL: The Department of Records & Research), 1947. p.39.
World's Great Men of Color.
Joel Augustus Rogers. (Futuro Press, New York: J.A. Rogers), 1947. p.712.
Who's Who in Colored America
Thomas Yenser, editor. (Brooklyn, NY: Thomas Yenser), 1940-45.
E 185.96 W54 Middleton Library
Fourth edition, 1933-37, p.226.
Fifth edition, 1938-40, p.225.
Sixth edition, 1941-44, p.223f.
Seventh edition, 1933-37, p.234.
Illustrations:
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World), 1970. p. 102.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Historical Afro-American Biographies. 2nd ed.
Wilhelmena S. Robinson. (New York, NY: Publishers Co.), 1968. p. 198.
Sex and Race : Negro-Caucasian Mixing in All Ages and All Lands. vol. III
Joel Augustus Rogers. (New York, NY : J. A. Rogers Publications), 1967-1972. p. 722.
In 1924 Dr. Just was selected from among the biologists of the world by a group of German biologist to contribute to a monograph on fertilization, one of a series of monographs by specialists working on fundamental problems of the function and structure of the cell. He is a contributor to Volume Two of Dr. Jerome Alexander's three-volume series on Colloid Chemistry. From 1920-1931 Dr. Just was the Julius Rosenwald Fellow in Biology of the National Research Council. Under this grant program he engaged in research as an adjunct researcher of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Berlin-Dahlam, working under Professor Max Hartmann department. He also worked at the marine biological laboratories in Naples and in Sicily. In 1930, Dr. Just lectured at the Eleventh International Congress of Zoologists, held at Padua, Italy. The lecture was entitled The Role of Cortical Cytoplasm in Vital Phenomena., which was based on the fifty published papers written by Dr. Ernest Just.
In his scholarly work Dr. Just showed all the traits of a true scholar. He was unostentatious and was modest in his personality. His inherent ability, scientific training, creative imagination, and industry were the basis for success in his field of zoology.
"If we are to judge his accomplishments by standards set up by men of science, it can be said that Dr. Just is an eminent scientist. If we are to judge his value to Negro education by what he has accomplished in the realm of science, it can be said that to Negro youth especially, he demonstrates the possibility of human achievement regardless of race or color. In the language of Dean Kelly Miller in an appreciation of Dr. Just, What boots it that Euclid was a Greek, Newton an Englishman, Marconi an Italian or Guttenburg a German? Their genius has enriched the blood of mankind regardless of place, time, race or nationality."
George R. Arthur. Ernest Just, Biologist., The Crisis, February 1932, p. 46.
Dartmouth graduated magna cum laude.
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy magna cum laude from the University of Chicago in experimental embryology.
Julius Rosenwald Fellow in Biology.
Memberships:
Vice-President, American Zoological Society
Recipient of the first Spingarn Medal (1915) for his research in Biology
National Research Rosenwald fellow in Biology (1920-1931)
Ecological Society
Phi Beta Kappa
Omega Psi Phi, Founder and faculty advisor, Howard University (November 17, 1911)
Editor, Protoplasm -- an international journal published in Berlin
-- devoted to the work done on the physical chemistry of the cell --
Collaborator of Cytologia -- published in Japan.
Editor, Physiological Zoology
Editor, Biological Zoology -- official organ of the Marine Biological Advancement of Science
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World), 1970. [first edition] p.112-121.
Louis Haber. (San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), 1991. [third edition]
Black Apollo of Science : The Life of Ernest Everett Just (Biography of E.E. Just)
Kenneth P. Manning. (New York: Oxford University Press), 1983.
"Publications by E.E. Just": p. [331]-334.
W. Montague Cobb. Ernest Everett Just, 1883-1941.
Journal. National Medical Association. v. 49 (September 1957), p. 349-351.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 72-73.
J. Lovell, Jr. In Memoriam. Crisis.
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.) December 1942, p. 379, 387, 394, 396.
Dictionary of American Medical Biography.
Martin Kaufman, Stuart Galishoff, Todd L. Savitt, editors ; Joseph Carvalho III, editorial associate. (Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press), 1984. p. 402-403.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
W. Augustus Low, editor, Virgil A. Clift, associate editor. (New York : McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 481.
W. Augustus Low, editor, Virgil A. Clift, associate editor. (New York, N.Y. : Da Capo Press), 1984.
Ernest Everett Just, 1883-1941. National Medical Association, Journal
v. 49, 1957, p. 349-351.
World's Great Men of Color., 1947.
Edited with an introduction, commentary, and new bibliographical notes by John Henrik Clarke.
Joel Augustus Rogers. (New York, NY: Macmillan) 1972, c1946-47. v. 2, p. 311-312.
Joel Augustus Rogers. (New York, NY: Touchstone), 1996- (1st Touchstone ed.)
Who's Who of the Colored Race : A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent , Volume 1. 1915
Frank Lincoln Mather, editor. (Detroit : Gale Research Co.), 1976, c1915., p.165. (Note: No more published.)
Who s Who in Colored America.
1927 p. 114.
1928-1929 p. 430.
1930-1932 p. 254.
1933-1937 p. 305.
1938-1940 p. 307.
1941-1944 p. 303.
Illustrations:
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World), 1970. [first edition] p.112.
Louis Haber. (San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), 1991. [third edition]
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Magazine Articles
Encyclopedia of Black America.
W. Augustus Low, editor, Virgil A. Clift, associate editor. (New York : McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 481.
W. Augustus Low, editor, Virgil A. Clift, associate editor. (New York, N.Y. : Da Capo Press), 1984.
History of the Negro in Medicine. [1st ed. (1967) - 3rd ed. (1969)]
Herbert Montfort Morais. (New York, Publishers Co.), 1969. p. 110.
Part of series: International Library of Negro Life and History. Published under the auspices of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
Historical Afro-American Biographies.
Published as part of series: International Library of Afro-American Life And History. v.4
W.S. Robinson. (Cornwells Heights, Penn. : The Publishers Agency, Inc. under the auspices of The Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History), p. 218-219.
Edward S. Jenkins. Bridging Two Cultures. Journal of Black Studies.
(Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage Publications) 21(3) 313-324. (March 1991)
A study that examines the contextual dimensions of five black scientists and inventors--Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806), George Washington Carver, Lewis Latimer, Percy Julian and Ernest Just--based on passages selected from their writings is presented.
The Crisis.,
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), February 1932, p. 46. Biography.
J. Lovell, Jr. In Memoriam. Crisis.
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), December 1942, p. 396.
Review Philip Morrison (reviewer).
Kenneth P. Manning. Black Apollo of Science : The Life of Ernest Everett Just
Scientific American 250 (4) (May 1984): 27-30.
W. Montague Cobb. Ernest Everett Just, 1883-1941.
Journal. National Medical Association. v. 49 (September 1957), p. 349-351. p. [cover]
(list of publications of E.E. Just)
Other Internet Locations
United States Postal Service Commemorative Stamp -- 1997 (32 cent Portrait of Ernest E. Just - http://tqd.advanced.org/2667/Just.htm)
Source: Stamp on Black History (http://tqd.advanced.org/2667/Blk_Hist.htm)
Dr. Samuel L. Kountz participated in the first West Coast kidney transplant in 1959. Prior to the development of Kountz's technique of detecting and treating rejection of transplanted kidneys, less than five per cent of the transplant patients survived for more than two years.
It took three years of experimentation with dogs in London and the United States to develop the technique. While in London on a surgery fellowship, Dr. Kountz discovered that committed cells of the host attacked and destroyed the small blood vessels of the transplanted kidney, thus causing the kidney to die from lack of blood supplied oxygen. The technique he and his associates at Stanford Medical School developed permits doctors to watch the fall of the kidney blood supply following surgery and to administer specific amounts of drugs to the patient at carefully timed intervals to overcome the rejection process.
Aside: Control of Cell Rejection Process.
The advantage of the techniques developed by Dr. Kountz at Stanford medical School is the ability to predict when rejection of the transplanted organs begins, which provides a determination for the controlling the dosage of anti-rejection drugs. While spending a year in the Medical School of London on a surgery fellowship, Dr. Kountz discovered that the host body and the transplanted organ where battling each other at the cell level -- immature or "uncommitted cells attacked the transplanted kidney's small blood vessels, progressively destroying them until the kidney died from lack of blood-supplying oxygen." (Ebony) The process of organ rejection was literally a contest of keeping the host body from destroying the connective blood vessels open and supplying oxygen to the new organ.
By monitoring blood levels for the decline of kidney blood supply in laboratory experiments with dogs following surgery, a signal that the rejection mechanism was beginning to operate. Drug dosage could then be administered at carefully monitored time intervals to offset the rejection process. It took three years of experimenting in the U.S. and London, Dr. Kountz and his associates to develop a new technique to work out the medication strategy. Six months of the three year development plan was spent identifying techniques involving isotopes for measuring blood flow because the problems were too complex for the old methods.
Dr. Kountz has achieved remarkable results in prolonging the lives of humans and animals through the employment of his new techniques. Dr. Kountz described his own description of a successful program, "From a scientific point of view, I would not consider a kidney transplant operation successful until the patient survives twenty years."
Membership and Awards
Diplomat, American Board of Surgeons (1966)
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science
Fellow, American College of Surgeons
Fullbright Professor of University of Arkansas, Rockville (1965-1966)
Outstanding Investigator Award ($1,000), American College of Cardiology
Honorary Juris Doctor, University of Arkansas (1973)
President, Society of University Surgeons (1974)
American Men and Women of Science, 14th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 2743.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.565.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 40-41.
A Century of Black Surgeons: The U.S.A. Experience. two volumes
Claude H. Organ, Jr. and Margaret M. Kosiba, editors. (Norman, OK: Transcript Press), 1987. p. 661-695.
Who's Who Among Black Americans, 1985
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research), p. 470-471.
Negro Almanac: A Reference Work of the Afro American. 4th ed.
Harry A. Ploski and James Williams, eds. (New York, NY: Wiley), 1983. p. 1059.
E-mail communciation: Lori Walker for correction to "AM&N College, now the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff" and "University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences], Little Rock" (February 12, 1999)
Illustrations
A Century of Black Surgeons: The U.S.A. Experience. two volumes
Claude H. Organ, Jr. and Margaret M. Kosiba, editors. (Norman, OK: Transcript Press), 1987. p. 662.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July, 1974) p. 61. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 20(1) (November, 1964) p. 119-124. Includes a photograph.
National Medical Association. Journal
v. 70, (September, 1978), p. 683-684.
Negro Almanac: A Reference Work of the Afro American. 4th ed.
Harry A. Ploski and James Williams, eds. (New York, NY: Wiley), 1983. p. 1059.
Magazine Articles
The Crisis.
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), December, 1965, p. 665.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July, 1974) p. 61. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 20(1) (November, 1964) p. 119-124. Includes a photograph.
National Medical Association. Journal
v. 73, Supplement, (December, 1981), p. 1229.
National Medical Association. Journal
v. 70, (September, 1978), p. 683-684.
Dr. James Sumner Lee area of research focused on bacterial cytology and cytochemistry.
Dr. James Sumner Lee area of research focused on bacterial cytology and cytochemistry.
General Education Board Fellow, 1936-1937
Society of Bacteriologists
American Men and Women and Science. 10th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 2361.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.150.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 193.
Ms. McClendon coordinates microbial research for the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) in Warren, Michigan. As a microbiologist, she develops methods to prevent microorganisms from contaminating the fuel and deteriorating military storage material. Currently, she is developing a fungicide, a chemical which will protect storage materials and not harm the people who use them.
She is a native of Minden, Louisiana, but she moved to Detroit, Michigan in her early teens. There she attended Cass Technical High School where her interest in science developed. In college, she majored in biology at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University, and took advanced science courses at Wayne State University, University of Detroit and Purdue University. Before becoming an industrial microbiologist for the Army, she taught in the public schools in Phoenix, Arizona and Eldorado, Arkansas.
Michigan Society of Professional Engineers
Detroit Central Business District Association
Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 44
Magazine Articles
"Military Microbiologist." Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 30(1) (November, 1974), p. 7, includes picture.
(a) Studies on Dissociation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis;
(b) A New Method of Concentration on the Tubercule Bacilli as Applied to Sputum and Urine Examination.
American Men and Women and Science. 12th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 4370.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.167.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co), 1946. p. 193-194.
Illustrations:
Crisis.
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), August 1933, p. 181.
Heroes of Microbiology (http://www.asmusa.org/edusrc/heroes.jpg) -- American Association of Microbiologists (US)
Poster (http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/hinton.html) highlighting Ruth Ella Moore, William A. Hinton, and Eugene Cota-Robles
Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health (http://www.nih.gov/nichd/)
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development conducts and supports laboratory, clinical and epidemiological research on the reproductive, neurobiologic, developmental,social and behavioral processes that determine and maintain the health of children, adults, families and populations.
Directory of DHHS Personnel ( http://www.net.nih.gov/cgi-bin/WebPh?server=radiant.net.nih.gov)
Membership
President, John A. Andrew Clinical Society
American Board of Opthamology
President, Chicago Opthamology Society
Honorary Doctorate, University of Louisville (1983)
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 48.
Biographical Membership Directory and Resource Manual of the American Academy of Opthamology., p.349.
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Journal, National Medical Association
v.48, July 1956, p.301.
Magazine Articles
Jet
(Chicago, Johnson Pub. Co.), (September 2, 1954). p. 38.
Ebony
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July 1974), p.60.
Ebony
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (September 1975), p.55-56, 60, 62.
Black Enterprise.
(New York, NY: Earl G. Graves Publishing Co.) (October 1988), p.78.
General Education Board Fellow, Illinois (1936)
Microscopical Society
Association of Biology Teachers
National Institute of Science
Sigma Xi
American Men and Women and Science. 10th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 450.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946.p. 186.
National Register: Pertinent Facts About Colored Americans.
(Louisville, KY: Register Publications), 1952. p. 251.
Society of Zoologists
American Men and Women and Science. 7th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.305.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees In Course, 1876-1943.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p.187.
National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine
Board of Trustees, Institute of Education Management, 1973 -
Developer and Director of Fifth Year Post Baccalaureate Pre-Med Program
Human Resources Commission, 1974 -
National Science Foundation, 1974 -
Education Committee, Tissue Culture Association, 1972-1974
Research Grant, American Cancer Society, 1971-1973, 1969-1974
Honorary D.Sc., Pennsylvania Medical College
"She is the recipient of twenty-one honorary doctorates, among them doctorates from the Medical College of Pennsylvania, Rutgers University, Tuskegee University, Northeastern University, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute." Source: (http://www.mbl.edu/html/WOMEN/cobb.html ) Jewel Plummer Cobb
Fellow, National Cancer Institute, 1950-1952
Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences
Sigma Xi
Lifetime Achievement Award for Contributions to the Advancement of Women and Underrepresented Minorities, National Science Foundation (1993)
American Men and Women and Science. 15th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.266.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.167.
Q 141 B58 1990 Middleton Reference (Non-Circulating)
Q 141 B58 1990 Hill Memorial Library Rare Collection, McIlhenny Reference (Non-Circulating)
Contributions of Black Women to America. v.2.
Marianna W. Davis, ed. (Columbia, SC: Kenday Press), 1982. p.426-428.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.) (August 1982), p.97-98, 100. Includes photograph.
Ebony Success Library: 1,000 Successful Blacks. v.1
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 1973. p.72.
Minorities in Science: The Challenge for Change in Biomedicine.
Viaya L. Melnick and Franklin D. Hamilton, eds. (New York, NY: Plenum Press), 1977. p.7.
[Smithsonian Booklet on] Black Women Achievements Against Odds.
(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service), 1984.
"Pamphlet listing the achievements for Black Women since Slavery. Suggestions for Exhibitions and Source Materials."
Who's Who in America., 1986-87.
(Chicago, IL: Marquis Who's Who), p.527.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1980-81.
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. Publishing Co.), p.156.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1985.
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. Publishing Co.), p.165-166.
Illustrations:
Contributions of Black Women to America. v.2.
Marianna W. Davis, ed. (Columbia, SC: Kenday Press), 1982. p.426-428. Includes photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.) (August 1982), p.97-98, 100. Includes photograph.
Ebony Success Library: 1,000 Successful Blacks. v.1
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 1973. p.72. Includes photograph.
Related Internet Sites
Jewel Plummer Cobb (http://www.mbl.edu/html/WOMEN/cobb.html) -- from "Women at MBL: The Early Years"
" The women scientists featured in this display are representative of the many distinguished women who studied at the MBL [Marine Biological Laboratory] in its earliest days."
Copyright © 1996 Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA
Published as: The Origin of the Mound Builders. (Cincinnati, OH: Elm Street Print. Co.), 1889.
Graduated Wesleyan University -- "Excellence in Graduate Studies."
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.58.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 187.
Negro Year Book 1952
p. 96.
Negroes in Science: Natural Science Doctorates: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1969.
James Monroe Jay. (Detroit, MI: Balamp Publishing Co.), 1971. p. 41.
Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. vol I., 1915
Frank Lincoln Mather, editor. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1915, 1976. p. 71.
Public Health Association
American Society of Human Genetics (1977)
Georgia Board fo Regernts, University of Georgia (1979-80)
Congressional Black Caucus Health Brain Trust
Governor's Advisory Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse
General Research Support Grant, Rutgers Medical School (1975-77)
Honored at White House reception as one of Glamour Magazine's Outstanding Young Women for 1980
Wrote, produced and narrated an educational science series for Georgia television, through a grant from the National Science Foundation
Genetics Consultant and President, Harris & Associates, Ltd., Atlanta, Georgia
American Men and Women and Science. 16th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 521.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.112-113.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.xxx.
Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1985 p. 360.
Personal email communication with Dr. Harris (November 17, 1997)
Illustrations:
"Doctor Gets Grant to Simplify Medicine on TV." Jet
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), 57 (23) (February 21, 1980) p.27. Includes a photograph.
Jehu Callis Hunter's area of research involved research in tumor metabolism.
Jehu Callis Hunter's area of research involved research in tumor metabolism.
AAAS
American Society of Cell Biologists
Society of Developmental Biology
Royal Society of Medicine
American Men and Women and Science. 16th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.909.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.126.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. , p.xxx.
Who's Who in the South and Southwest. 1976
p. 374.
Few black women in the United States had opportunity to engage in scientific research before World War II. Due to barriers in education, racial, and sexual barriers, few African American women produced work that would allow them to function as a scientist. Roger Arliner Young had few of the benefits to help advance her research and teaching career. A successful scientific career is predicated by stable institutional affiliations, a manageable teaching load, financial support for research, and the continuing support of mentors, peers, and community. Young had one of the most abiding characterisitics of committed "good" scientists -- the committment to science and quality in research, despite personal and professional obstacles.
Sigma Xi (1926) Selected Publications
L.V. Heilbrunn and R.A. Young. "Indirect Effects of Radiation on Sea Urchin Eggs."
Biological Bulletin. (1935)
R.A. Young. "On the Excertory Apparatus in Paramecium",
Science. (September 12, 1924).
Kenneth R. Manning. "Roger Arliner Young: Scientist." (Fall 1989)
Sage: A Scholarly Journal of Black Women. 1989 6(2) : 3-7.
The first black woman to do research at Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Black Apollo of Science : The Life of Ernest Everett Just
Kenneth P. Manning. (New York: Oxford University Press), 1983.
Illustrations:
Kenneth R. Manning. "Roger Arliner Young: Scientist." (Fall 1989)
Sage: A Scholarly Journal of Black Women. 1989 6(2) : 3.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 167.
Negroes in Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1876-1969
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, Meador Publishing Co.), 1977. p. 60.
American Men of Science., 11th ed. p. 123.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 37-38.
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. [facing p. 48]
Profiles in Excellence. p. 5.
NAS 1.19:186 NASA EP 186 (1983).
Chemical Society
General Education Board fellow, Ohio State University (1937-1938)
American Men and Women of Science., 11th edition
(New York, Bowker), 11th edition, p.211.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.18.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co), 1946. p. 142-143.
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups. 3rd edition
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980.
National Register: Pertinent Facts About Colored Americans.
(Louisville, KY: Register Publications), 1952. p. 252.
Fellow in Chemistry 1914-1916
Phi Lamba Upsilon
National Chemical Society
Sigma Xi.
Black Biography, 1790-1950: A Cumulative Index.
Randall K. Burkett, Nancy Hall Burkett, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., editors. (Alexandria, VA : Chadwyck-Healey), 1990. p. 135.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.35.
The Crisis.,
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), August 1916, p. 190-191. Biography.
Famous First Facts About Negroes.
Romeo B. Garrett. (New York, NY: Arno Press), p. 172.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 145-146.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. , p.106.
[The New] Progress of a Race: or, The Remarkable Advancement of the American Negro, from the Bondage of Slavery, Ignorace, and Poverty to the Freedom of Citizenship, Intelligence, Afflunce, Honor and Trust.
J.L. Nichols and William H. Crogman, editors. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Company)
1920 p. 337.
1925 p. 337.
1929 p. 337.
Scientists in the Black Perspective.
Herman A. Young and Barbara H. Young. (Sponsored by the Lincoln Foundation), 1974.
Who's Who in Colored America; a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of Negro Descent in the United States. 1927
Joseph J. Boris, editor. (New York, NY: Who's Who in Colored America Corporation), 1927. Vol.1 p. 22.
Illustrations:
The Crisis.,
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), August 1916, p. 190-191. Includes photograph.
Board of Directors, Atlanta Tuberculois Association (1932 - )
Alpha Phi Alpha
American Chemical Society
Founder, Alpha Delta Alpha Scientific Society of Clark University
Black Biography: 1790-1950 : A Cumulative Index.
Randall K. Burkett, Nancy Hall Burkett, and Henry Louis Gates,Jr., editors. (Alexandria, VA : Chadwyck-Healey), 1990. p. 147.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p. 37.
Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of Negro Descent in America.
(New York, NY: Who's Who in Colored America Corp.)
1927, p. 236.
1928-1929, p. 46.
1930-1932, p. 56-57.
1933-1937, p. 79.
1938-1940, p. 78.
1941-1944, p. 75.
Who's Who in Colored America. [Supplement] 1950
G. James Fleming and Christian E. Burchel, editors. (Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: Christian E. Burchel & Associates), 1950. p. 57.
Illustrations:
Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of Negro Descent in America.
(New York, NY: Who's Who in Colored America Corp.)
1927, p. 236.
1928-1929, p. 46.
1930-1932, p. 56-57.
1933-1937, p. 79.
1938-1940, p. 78.
1941-1944, p. 75
Chemical Society
Second Black to earn a Ph.D. Chemistry
The first black Ph.D. was Elmo St. Brady, University of Illinois (1916)
Fellowship in Chemistry, two-years
Phi Lamba Epsilon
American Men and Women and Science. 4th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.170.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.52.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees In Course, 1876-1943.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meaddor Publishing Co.), 1946. p.146.
Negroes in Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1876-1969.
James Monroe Jay. (Detroit, MI: Balamp Publishing Co.), 1971. p.46.
The Crisis.,
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), July 1917, p. 118.
Illustrations:
The Crisis.,
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), July 1917, p. 115.
3,234.253 Feb. 8, 1966 R.M. Prosser Two-Stage Phosgenation Process for Preparing Aromatic Isocynates.
3,206,437 Sept. 14, 1965 Process of Reacting Isocynate and Hydroxy Compound in Prescence of Tertiary Amine and Hydrogen Peroxide.
3,173,896 March 16, 1965 Rowland K. Adams Process of Reacting a Polyisocynate with a Compound Having Active Hydroxy Using a Tertiary Amine N-Oxide Catalyst.
3,173,897 March 16, 1965 Rowland K. Adams Process of Reacting a Polyisocynate with a Compound Having Active Hydrogen Using a Tertiary Amine N-Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyst Mixture.
American Men & Women of Science. A biographical directory of today's leaders in physical, biological, and related sciences. 12th edition
Physical & Biological Sciences.
(New York: R.R. Bowker Co.), 1971-1973.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.61.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.211.
Illustrations:
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (May, 1970) p. 6. Includes a photograph.
New Element no.110 (http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/new_element.html) discovered on November 9, 1994. Includes a history of elements 103 - 112.
Unlike most of his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, James Harris did not have a Ph.D. degree. He had a B.S. in Chemistry and later took graduate courses in chemistry and physics. However, his alma mater (Houston-Tillotson) conferred an honorary doctorate upon him in 1973, predominantly due to his work in the co-discovery of elements 104 and 105.
National Society of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers
Nuclear Target Society
American Chemical Society
AEC Transplutonium Program
Alpha Phi Alpha
Honorary Ph.D. from Houston-Tillotson College (1973)
Scientific Merit Award from the Mayor of Richmond, CA
Certificate of Merit from the Black Dignity Science Association
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 19.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 46-47.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.410.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1980-1981
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 342.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1985
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 358.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 18.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Magazine Articles
Black Collegian
(New Orleans, LA: Black Collegiate Services) 5 (Sept./Oct. 1974). p. 16
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (May, 1973) p.144-148, 150. Includes a photograph.
Rosenwald Fellow
AAAS
American Chemical Society
First black President, American Chemical Society Sigma Xi
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
New York Academy of Sciences
American Men & Women of Science. A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological, and Related Sciences. 12th, 13th, 14th edition, Physical & Biological Sciences. Seven volumes.
(New York: R.R. Bowker Co._, 1971-1973, 1979. P. 2179.
Biography Index. A Cumulative Index to Biographical Material in Books and Magazines. Volume 9: September, 1970-August, 1973.
(New York: H.W. Wilson Co.), 1974.
-- Volume 12: September, 1979-August, 1982.
(New York: H.W. Wilson Co.), 1983.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.119.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 150.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. , p.xxx.
The Negro in Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1876-1969.
James Monroe Jay. (Detroit, MI: Balamp Publishing Co.), 1971. p. 183.
Encyclopedia of Black America. 1985
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, eds. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 437.
Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1977
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. Publishing Co.), 1977. p. 419.
American Men & Women of Science. A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological, and Related Sciences. 12th, 14th edition, Physical & Biological Sciences. Seven volumes.
(New York: R.R. Bowker Co._, 1971-1973, 1979.
Magazine Articles
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July, 1950) p. 86. Includes a photograph.
Jet
(Chicago, Johnson Pub. Co.), (April 19, 1979), p. 55.
Hodge gained much attention in 1979 among carbohydrate chemists when an article he wrote in 1953 was named a "Citation Classic" by the Science Citation Index. The average article published in a journal in 1973 received 5.7 citations. Hodge's article had been cited over 155 times since 1961. The paper was on Hodge's specially - the chemistry of browning reactions in dehydrated foods.
This article was quoted from the book, Scientific Thinking and ScientificWriting by Martin S. Peterson. as "an outstanding example of good organization." In the article, Hodge gave a review and analysis of the chemistry of browning reactions in food. Examples of browning reactions are the toasting of bread or marshmallows, the carmelization of sugar when heated or the browning of a cut piece of apple or banana when left exposed to the air.
The study of browning reactions is important in today's society. Artificially "browned" foods can be desirable, for instance, the smell and taste of coffee, maple syrup, or roasted nuts. Conversely, current salad bars require the reduction of browning reactions. The chemical reactions which occur in the breakdown of food products are similar to the reactions in the body when those foods are broken down in the body during digestion. These chemical reactions produce antioxidants, which have been linked to the study of aging, diabetes, and other human diseases. Thus, we see that the research contributions of just one scientist can have a large impact in many areas.
He was chairman of the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 1964, and was an active member of the cereal chemists and other scientific organizations.
Hodge encouraged young black college students to study chemistry. He made tours of historically black colleges in the South to assess their laboratory capabilities, and to recruit summer interns for research experiences.
In community service he was on the board of directors of Carver Community Center, 1952-58. Secretary in 1953 of the Citizens Committee for Peoria Public Schools; secretary for the Mayor's Commission for Senior Citizens, 1982-85; advisory board member, Central Illinois Agency for the Aging, 1975.
His career began in Topeka, Kansas Department of Inspections where he served as oil chemist, professor of chemistry at Western University, Quindaro, KS., and in 1941 he began nearly 40 years of service at the USDA Nonhem Regional Research Center in Peoria, IL., retiring in 1980.
In 1972 he was visiting professor of chemistry at the University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. He also served as an adjunct chemistry professor at Bradley University in 1984-85.
His active mind found certain games and sports to be a challenge. Starting with winning model airplane contests in Kansas . City, he became an expert at billiards in college, and later in Peoria, he solved crossword puzzles with speed. Chess was another fascination for John, his father, John Alfred, and his son, John Laurent.
Memberships and Awards
National Academy of Sciences -- National research Council 1977
Superior Service Award (USDA) 1953
American Chemical Society
American Association of Cereal Chemists
Phi Beta Kappa
Pi Mu Epsilon
Grant Officer, USDA, U.S. and Foreign, 1962-1975
Chairman, Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry, American Chemical Society
Consultant in Program Review of the National research Council, 1964-1980
Founding, Honorary and Emeritus member, Phi Tau Sigma Society
Citation certificate for most cited scientific journal articles in food science (1979).
American Men and Women of Science, 15th edition (New York, Bowker), 15th edition, p. 746.
Hodge J.E. Citation Classic - Dehydrated Foods - Chemistry Of Browning Reactions In Model Systems.
USDA, Cereal Science & Foods Laboratory, Peoria IL 61604
Current Contents/Agriculture Biology & Environmental Sciences., 1979, no.12, p.10.
Scientific Thinking And Scientific Writing.
Martin S. Peterson. (New York, NY: Reinhold Pub. Corp.), 1961.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1985
(Detroit, MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 394.
Selected Publications
Rendleman J.A. and Hodge J.E. "Complexes Of Carbohydrates With Aluminate Ion - Aldose-Ketose Interconversion On Anion-Exchange Resin (Aluminate And Hydroxide Forms)."
USDA Sea, North Regular Research Center, Peoria IL 61604
Carbohydrate Research, 1979, 75 (October), 83-99.
Mills F.D. and Hodge J.E. 1,6a,11a,11b-Tetrahydro-5,7,8-Trihydroxy-3,6a,10,11b-Tetramethyldiinden O(7,1-B-2,1e)Pyra-2,11-Dione, A Condensation Product Formed By Hydrolysis Of Amino-Hexose-Reductones.
USDA Sea, North Regular Research Center, Peoria IL 61604
Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society, 1979, September, p.75.
Hodge JE. "Carbonyl-Amine Reactions And Their Effects On Proteins."
USDA Sea,North Regular Research Center, Peoria IL 61604
Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society, 1979, April, p. 61.
Hodge JE. "Non-Enzymatic Browning - Chemical-Reactions That Govern Acceptance Of Seed Products In Foods."
USDA, Science & Education Administration, North Regular Research Center, 1815 N. University St., Peoria IL 61604
Cereal Foods World, 1978, 23(8): 485.
John E. Hodge, "Dehydrated Foods, Chemistry of Browning Reactions in Model Systems."
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1953, 1(15): 928.
John E. Hodge and Carl E. Rist, "N-Glycosyl Derivatives of Secondary Amines."
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1952, 74(6): 1494-1497.
Sources
Contribution by email on April 11, 1996
From: "G. Cote" cotegl@ncaur1.ncaur.gov
Organization: USDA
John Edward Hodge. Obituaries
The Kansas City Star (January 7, 1996) Sunday Metropolitan Edition, p. B4.
Mr. Hodge began his career in Topeka, KS, for the Kansas Department of Inspections, where he served as an oil chemist. He was also a professor of chemistry in Quindaro, KS. In 1941 he began 40 years of service at the U.S.D.A. Northern Regional Research Center, in Peoria, retiring in 1980.
Professor John McNeile Hunter's area of research focused on thermoionics.
AAAS
Sigma Xi
Beta Kappa Chi
Sigma pi Sigma
American Physical Society
American Association of Physics Teachers
General Education Board Fellow
AAPT Distinguished Service Citations for 1973, The Physics Teacher (May 1974)
Awarded by the American Association of Physics Teachers at its annual meeting for exceptional contributions to the teaching of physics.
"John M. McNeile, born 73 years ago in Woodville, Texas, has done as much as any single individual in America to add physics to the curriculum of black students and to add black students to the professional rosters of physics. He gave a lifetime of service to Virgina State College, going there in 1925 as teacher of electrical wiring and operator of the power plant. By the time of his retirement in 1968, he had served as Professor of Physics, Director of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, and Dean of the College, and he had found time to earn a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1937. Of the more than 4000 students taught by John Hunter, over 50 became physicists and engineers. Ten of these are now techers and one is a university president. Of himself, John Hunter says modestly that he could have done more for his students had he not been so involved in helping shape an institution."
American Men & Women of Science. A Biographical Directory of Today's Leaders in Physical, Biological, and Related Sciences. 12th edition, Physical & Biological Sciences. Seven volumes.
(New York: R.R. Bowker Co.), 1971-1973. p. 2912.
Biography Index. A Cumulative Index to Biographical Material in Books and Magazines. Volume 10: September, 1973-August, 1976.
(New York: H.W. Wilson Co.), 1977. p. 362.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.126.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 151.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Taylor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 190.
Who's Who in America. 38th edition, 1974-1975.
(Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who), 1974.
Illustrations:
"AAPT Distinguides Service Citations for 1973."
Physics Teacher (Stony Brook, NY: American Association of Physics Teachers) 12:292 (May 1974). Includes a portrait.
Fellow, University of Michigan (1916-1918)
Physical Society
Society of Testing Material
American Men and Women and Science. 6th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 710.
Q 141 C27 Middleton Stacks and Chemistry Stacks
Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern.
Edited by Ivan Van Sertima. (New Brunswick: Transition Books), 1983.
Published originally as Journal of African Civilizations 5(1)(April 1983) and 5(2)(November 1983). p. 262-265.
Part I: African Science; Part II: Afro-American Science.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.127.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 151.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.xxx.
Negroes in Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1876-1969
James Monroe Jay. (Detroit, MI: Balamp Publishing Co.), 1971. p. 52
Who's Who of the Colored Race: A Genral Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915
Franks Lincoln Mather, ed. (Detroit, Mi: Gale Research Co.), 1915, 1976. p. 149.
Illustrations:
United Science Organization of America
National Society of Black Physicists; NSBPElmer S. Imes 1883-1941 (October 16, 1999)
Magazine Articles
Science (December 26, 1941) p. 600-601
Dr. Julian was noted for many medial and industrial discoveries. The one dearest to his heart and that had such far-reaching humanitarian aspects was his creation of a chemical known as Compound S, a man-made cousin of the miracle drug Cortisone. in the 1940's, Dr. Julian developed a way of making the medicine from the inexpensive American soybean instead of from the costly ingredient found in certain parts of animals and produced in Europe. Thousands who suffered from rheumatoid arthritis regained the use of their limbs after treatment with Compound S. It also had many other uses especially for allergy suffers.
Like a true contemporary of George Washington Carver, Dr. Julian also made use of soybean by-products in the manufacture of paint, paper, drugs, and a number of hormones, vitamins, and amino acids. His work produced over 100 patents, including one for the synthesis of physostigmine (sued to treat glaucoma), and a means for the large production of two important hormones, testosterone and progesterone. Again, using the soybean, Dr. Julian isolated a protein which later was the basis for a fire-fighting solution used by the navy aboard their ships in World War II.
Harvard Fellowships for Studies in Biophysics and Organic Chemistry, 1923-26
Professor of Chemistry, West Virginia State College,1926-27
Associate Professor of Chemistry and Head, Depart of Chemistry, Howard University, 1927-31; Professor, 1931-32
Research Fellow in Organic Chemistry, DePauw University, 1923-36
Director of Research, Soya Products Division, Vegetable Oil and Foods Division, and Manager of Fine Chemicals, The Glidden company, 1936-53
Founder-President, The Julian Laboratories, Inc. and Laboratories Julian de Mexico, S.A., Mexico City (Both Subsidiaries, since March, 1961 of Smith Kline and French Laboratories, Philadelphia), 1954-1964; Founder-President of Empresa Argo-Quimica Guatamalteca, S. A., Guatemala, completely owned by the Upjohn Company since 1961.
Retired on April 30, 1964 as President of Julian Laboratories, Inc. and Laboratories Julian de Mexico, S. A.
Director, Julian Research Institute and President, Julian Associated, Inc., 9352-58 West Grand Avenue, Franklin Park, Illinois, 60131, 1964 to death.
The family moved to Green Castle, Indiana when Percy was a teenager. He, like all of the children, studied at DePauw University, then entered their professional careers. Percy Julian's interest was organic chemistry and even thought he graduated at the top of his class (Valedictorian), he was discouraged from serious study in this field. After applying to several leading schools of chemistry, he was shown samplings of the replies by his professor. One in particular registered the feelings of society at that time. It stated, "Discourage your bright colored lad. We couldn't get him a job when he's done, and it'll only mean frustration. Why don't you find him a teaching job in a Negro college in the South? He doesn't need a Ph.D. for that." "Surprisingly," states Emerson, "his father agreed because back in those days chemistry was a field that barred Blacks as a rule-- except for teaching positions at all-Black schools. Father thought the best thing for Percy to do was prepare for medicine and set up practice. It would mean independence. Dad never wanted us to work for anyone."
But Percy insisted that he wanted to be a chemist. He received financial assistance with and Austin Fellowship and he was permitted to enroll at Harvard University, graduating near the top of his class. He received his doctorate (Ph.D.) degree from he University of Vienna, Austria.
For his outstanding accomplishments, Dr. Julian was honored with citations and degrees from nine different universities. He was a trustee of De Pauw, Howard (first Black land grant university in U.S.), and Fist universities, among others , and was also a member of the Illinois Board of Regents. He received the Spingarn Medal of the N.A.A.C.P. (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1947. At one time he was president of two companies which he formed to produce his medicines. In 1961, Julian Laboratories was sold to Smith, Kline and French Pharmaceutical Company for several million dollars. He was asked to remain as chief executive of the laboratories.
Prior to Dr. Julian's death, as he struggled for his life, there were thousands of persons suffering from arthritis and glaucoma who were treated with hormones or saved from death by his fire combating chemical, who owed their lives to his outstanding accomplishments. Most never knew of him
Dr. Julian stated his life's purpose this way, "I have had one goal in my life, that of playing some role in making life a little easier for the persons who come after me."
Dr. Julian made his home in Oak Park along with his wife Dr. Anna Julian and their two children, Faith and Percy. The children attended Oak Park Schools.
We salute this brilliant scientist for his many contributions to the peoples of the world. May we as teachers realize, after reading only a minute portion of this great man's life, that we cannot afford to discourage or place limitations on any child. In the mind of that very child, may be a discovery that will change the course of history or cure the world's most dreaded diseases.
Excerpt from article by Gail Moss....
Percy Julian's life in research often made use of soybean products and led to discoveries in the manufacture of drugs, hormones, vitamins, amino acids, paint and paper, Percy Julian's research also yielded over 100 patents, including a synthetic cortisone called Compound S, a glaucoma treatment and the means of producing two synthetic hormones, testosterone and progesterone. Percy Julian also isolated a protein which became the basis for a fire-fighting solution used by the Navy in World War II, among other scientific accomplishments.
Percy Julian also became a symbol for integration in Oak Park. When the Julian family first moved to Oak Park in 1951, their East Avenue home was fire-bombed twice. A community group rose up in defense of the Julians' rights as the first blacks to live in Oak Park. The community also offered support to the family, which stayed in Oak Park. Anna Julian and her daughter still occupy the original Julian house on East Avenue.
In addition to his numerous chemical discoveries, Dr. Julian was the holder of 19 honorary degrees and 18 academic and civic citations. He was written about in Fortune Magazine, Ebony Magazine, Coronet, Reader's Digest and the Chicago Tribune, among other publications.
Stamp in Honor of Percy Lavon Julian
Issued: January 29, 1993.
Academic Honors
National Academy of Sciences, 1973
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1973
Sigma Xi, Northwestern University, 1945
Phi Beta Kappa, DePauw University, 1920
Honorary Degrees
D.Sc., DePauw University, 1947
D.Sc., Fisk University, November, 1947
D.Sc., West Virginia State College 1948
D.Sc., Northeastern University, Boston, October, 19848
D.Sc., Morgan State College, Baltimore, June, 1950
D.Sc., Howard University, Washington, D.C., June, 1951
D.Sc., Northwestern University, Evanston, June, 1951
D.Sc., Lincoln University, Philadelphia, April, 1954
D.Sc., Roosevelt University, Chicago, September, 1961
D.Sc., Virginia State College, Petersburg, May, 1962
D.Sc., Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, May, 1962
D.Sc., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, June, 1964
LL.D., Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, September, 1968
L.H.D., MacMurray Collage Jacksonville, Illinois, June, 1969
D.Sc., Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June, 1969
D.Sc., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, June, 1972
LL.D., Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, May, 1973
LL.D., Illinois State University, Normal-Bloomington, Illinois, May 1974
D.Sc., Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, May 10, 1975 (posthumously)
Academic and Civic Citations
Spingarn Medal Award, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), June 27, 1947
Distinguished Service Award, The Chicago Sun-Times and Junior Chamber of Commerce, January, 1950
The Coveted "Old Gold Goblet" Award, DePauw University, 1951 (For Distinguished Service as an Alumnus, given to only one Alumnus annually)
Centennial Distinguished Citizen Award, Centennial Convocation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, December 2, 1951
Distinguished Merit Award for 1950, Decalogue Society of Lawyers, Chicago, March 3, 1951
Social action Churchmanship Award of the Congregational Christian Churches of New Haven Conference, 1954
Jesuit Centennial Award as One of One Hundred Outstanding Chicagoans, December 12, 1957
Layman of the Year Award, Church federation of Greater Chicago, April 23, 1964
Annual Silver Plaque Award, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Chicago, May 27, 1965
Founder's Day Award, Loyola University, Chicago, October 31, 1967
Merit Award of the Chicago Technical Societies Council, Chicago, November 14, 1967
Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemists, Atlanta, May 11, 1968
Citation from the Mennonite Hospital, Bloomington, Illinois for Outstanding Contributions and Services to Mankind, January 24, 1970
Elected as a Laureate in the Lincoln Academy, Springfield, Illinois, May 20, 1972
MacMurray Collede's Chemistry Building named the Percy Lavon Julian Hall of Chemistry, May 13, 1972 (Jacksonville, Illinois)
Coppin State College's Percy L. Julian Science Classroom Building dedicated May 3, 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois--Percy Julian Hall, dedicated October 26, 1975
Learned Societies
Fellow, American Institute of Chemists
Fellow, Chemical Society of London
Fellow, New Your Academy of Science
Member, American Chemical Society
Laureate, Lincoln Academy, Springfield, Illinois, May 20, 1972
Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Honorary Member, Illinois State Academy of Sciences (elected 4/19/75)
Educational, Religious and Civic Activities
Member, Board of Trustees, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana
Member, Board of Trustees, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois
Member, Board of Directors, Chicago Theological Seminary
Member, Board of Trustees, Southern Union College, Wadley, Alabama
Member, Board of Governor, International House (University of Chicago)
Member, Phi Beta Kappa Associates
Member, Board of Directors, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
Vice President, Business Advisory Council of the Chicago Urban League
Chairman, Commonwealth Edison Environmental Advisory Council
Co-Chairman, National Negro Business and Professional Committee of the Legal Defense and Educational Fund
Emeritus Member, Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Emeritus Member, Board of Trustees, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee
Past Member, Board of Regents, State of Illinois Colleges and Universities
Past Consultant, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Past Member, Board of Directors, Fund for the Republic - Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions
Retired Member, Executive Board, Chicago Chapter, National Conference of Christians and Jews
Past President, Phi Beta Kappa[a Association of Greater Chicago
Past Director, Mental Health Association of Greater Chicago
Past Member, Illinois Advisory Committee, Commission on Civil Rights
Past Chairman of the Council for Social Action, Congregational Christian Churches of America (Now United Church of Christ)
Retired Deacon and Retired Trustee, First Congregational Church of Oak Park
Past President, Rotary Club of Franklin Park, Illinois
Past Member, Board of Public Welfare Commissioners of the State of Illinois
Past Director, Provident Hospital, Chicago
Past Director, The Mandel Clinic, Chicago
Past Director, The Chicago Urban League
Past Secretary, Troop 8 Boy Scouts of America, Oak Park
Past Member, Midwest Regional Advisory Committee of the Institute of International Education
Century Member, Thatcher Woods Council, Boy Scouts of America.
Dr. Percy Julian's wife, Dr. Anna Julian, was quite a remarkable woman. She was a former sociology professor at Howard University. She served on the Women's Board at the University of Chicago, served two terms as Chairperson of the Board of Trustees at Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois, served as a member of the Board at Erickson Institute, which is affiliated with Loyola, and many others. She was Nation Chapter Establishment Chairperson for Links Inc., a large National Organization for Black Professional Women. This organization has contributed more than $800,000 to the United Negro College Fund. Even with her busy schedule, she found time to speak on numerous occasions to the school children of Oak Park.
About OSRD
"Vannevar Bush, the head of the civilian Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), asked President Franklin Roosevelt in September 1942 to assign the large-scale operations connected with the project to the military. Roosevelt chose the Army to work with the OSRD in building production plants. The Army Corps of Engineers selected Col. James Marshall to oversee the construction of factories to separate uranium isotopes and manufacture plutonium for the bomb. OSRD scientists had explored several methods to produce plutonium and separate uranium-235 from uranium, but none of the processes was ready for production - only microscopic amounts had been prepared. Only one method - electromagnetic separation, which had been developed by Ernest Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory at the University of California-Berkeley - seemed promising for large-scale production. But scientists could not stop studying other potential methods of producing fissionable materials, because it was so expensive and because it was unlikely that it alone could produce enough material before the war was over. OSRD project leaders also could not agree on the location of the production plants. Lawrence, for example, wanted a plant built near his laboratory in Berkeley, Calif. Arthur Compton wanted plants in the midwest near his laboratory at the University of Chicago." (Source)
Returning to Kodak, Dr. Lu Valle became Senior Chemist for the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory. From 1945-53 Dr. Lu Valle worked as a Research Associate. From 1953 to 1959 Dr. Lu Valle served as Project Director for Technical Operations, Inc. In 1959 he became Director of Basic Research for Fairchild Camera and Instrument in Syoset, New York. Since 1975 Dr. Lu Valle served as Laboratory Administrator for undergraduate chemistry labs for the Department of Chemistry at Stanford University. Dr. Lu Valle's areas of research focus on photochemistry, electron defraction, and magnetic resonance.
Dr. Lu Valle taught at Fisk University as chemistry instructor from 1940 to 1941. From 1941-1942, James Lu Valle began working for Kodak Research Laboratory. During World War II, James Lu Valle worked with Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) at the University of Chicago during 1942 and California Institute of Technology, 1942-1943. Dr. Lu Valle's areas of research focus on photochemistry, electron defraction, and magnetic resonance. Dr. Lu Valle died January 30, 1993 of a heart attack while vacationing in New Zealand (Source - http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/luvalle.html#Times).
President, Blue Key (UCLA), 1936
U.S. Olympic team, 1935
American Chemical Society
American Physical Society
AAAS
Faraday Society
Sigma Xi
Phi Lambda Upsilon
Pi Mu Epsilon
Phi Beta Kappa
Elected first president of the UCLA Graduate Student Association, Founding President of UCLA's Graduate Student Association 1985-86
American Men and Women of Science. 13th ed., 1976
(New York, NY: Bowker), 1976. p. 2717.
The Negro in Science.
Julius H. Taylor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p.184.
Negro in Sports.
Edwin B. Henderson. (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers), 1939. p. 71.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 153.
"You Know What They're Doing Down in Los Alamos?" UC's First Contract to Operate the Laboratory
About the OSRD (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
http://ext.lanl.gov:80/worldview/welcome/history/15_uc-contract.html (Accessed November 25, 2000)
We Have Tomorrow. 1955
Arna W. Bontemps. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. ), 1955. p.108-117.
James E. Lu Valle; Student Leader, 1936 Olympic Medalist
Los Angeles Times (February 12, 1993) Part A; Page 30.
Illustrations:
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), September, 1950. p. 17.
Leaders in American Science. 1960-61
(Nashville, TN: Who's Who in American Education, Inc.) p. 540.
Represented American Chemical Society at the International Conference, Zurich, Switzerland
Elected National Chairman of Visiting Scientists for the 90,000 member American Chemical Society
American Chemical Society
National Institue of Science
President, Oklahoma Academy of Sciences 1953
Tennessee Academy of Science
Sigma Xi
Phi Lamba Upsilon
The First of six winners of 1961 College Chemistry Teachers Award.
American Men and Women and Science. 16th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 250.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.167.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. , p.xxx.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Talor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 184.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1985
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 551.
Illustrations:
Jet.
(Chicago, Johnson Pub. Co.), (August 10, 1961) p. 41. Includes photograph.
Magazine Articles
Jet.
(Chicago, Johnson Pub. Co.), (August 10, 1961) p. 41. Includes photograph.
Jet.
(Chicago, Johnson Pub. Co.), (March 3, 1960) p. 45
American Men and Women and Science. 15th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.7.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.167.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. , p.xxx.
National Faculty Directory, 1987 p. 2395.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Taylor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 185.
World Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1985
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc., Publishing Co.) p. 558.
Illustrations:
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (December, 1978) p. 110. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (May, 1961) p. 27. Includes a photograph.
Newspaper Articles:
David L. Chandler. "Black Chemist Steers Students to Achievement." Boston Globe. (FRIDAY January 25, 1991): Third Edition, Metro Section, P. 21.
Chaundra Frierson. OBITUARIES "Henry R.C. McBay, 81, Professor of Chemistry at Atlanta Colleges." Atlanta Constitution (Monday, June 26, 1995): Local news, C6.
Rillieux returned to New Orleans. He viewed the methods for refining sugar from beets and cane were dangerous, crude and required backbreaking labor. The methods threatened the slaves who were required to label boiling cane juice from one scalding kettle to another to produce a dark sugar. Rillieux designed an evaporating pan which enclosed a series of condensing coils in vacuum chambers, issued as a patent U.S. 4,879. The invention was later used by sugar manufacturer in Cuba and Mexico. Rillieux's system took much of the hand labor out of the refining process, it saved fuel because the juice boiled at lower temperatures, and the new technique produced a superior final product. [Detail of Rillieux's career] - http://www.lib.lsu.edu/lib/chem/display/rillieux_biography.html
The Rillieux device was patented in 1846 and was used widely on sugar plantations in Louisiana, Mexico, and the West Indies. The invention increased sugar production and reduced operating costs for the plantation system.
"It was stated by Charles Brown, a chemist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, that [Rillieux's invention of the sugar processing pan] was the greatest invention in the history of American Chemical Engineering." (Sammons - * see Bibliography)
Upon Rillieux's death he was buried in Paris, France in 1894.
At Last Recognition in America: A Reference Handbook of Unknown Black Inventors and Their Contribution to America.
James C. Williams. (Chicago, IL: B.C.A. Publishing Corp.), 1978. v.1, p. 29.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 3.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science and Medicine.
Vivian O. Sammons. (New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.), 1990. p.201.
Dictionary of American Negro Biography.
Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, eds. (New York, NY: Norton), 1982. p.525-526.
Biographical History of Blacks in America Since 1528.
Edgar Allen Toppin. (McKay: New York, NY), 1971. p.395-396.
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World), 1970. p. 13-23.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p.731-732.
Great Negroes Past and Present
Russell L. Adams. (Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers Co.), 1969. p. 49-50, 53.
Negro Almanac: A Reference Work of the Afro American. 4th ed.
Harry A. Ploski and James Williams, eds. (New York, NY: Wiley), 1983. p.640.
Reference Library of Black America.
Compiled and edited by Harry A. Ploski and James Williams. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research; Chicago, IL: Distributed by Afro-American Press), 1990.
The Role of the American Negro in the Fields of Science.
Louis Haber. (New York: ), 1966. p. 12-16.
The Black Book.
Middleton A. Harris. (New York, NY: Random House), 1974. p. 112-113.
Historical Negro Biographies.
Wilhelmena S. Robinson. (New York, NY: Publishers Co.), 1968. p. 117-118.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 3.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World), 1970. p. 14.
Historical Negro Biographies.
Wilhelmena S. Robinson. (New York, NY: Publishers Co.), 1968. p. 117-118.
Magazine Articles
Ebony. Includes a photograph.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (May 1967), p.48.
Ebony. Includes a photograph.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (October 1967), p.45.
George Mead. Negro Scientist of Slavery Days. Negro History Bulletin, April 1957, p. 159-163.
Reprinted from Scientific Monthly, 1946, p. 317-326.
Negro History Bulletin v.1, Oct. 1937 - ; Quarterly publication since 1979
(Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History)
Mr. Russell's research interest involved bio-assay, radioactive tracer, gas absorption and ion exchange absorption, monomolecular films, and radioactive waste treatment.
Atomic Energy Processes, Savannah River Lab, Aiken, South Carolina.
American Men and Women of Science, 13th ed.
(New York, NY: Gale Publishing), p. 3823.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Taylor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), p. 185.
World Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1985
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc., Publishing Co.) p. 733.
Dr. Taylor was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Howard University from 1959 to 1969, later serving as Chairman of the Chemistry Department at Howard University from 1969 to 1976.
Certificate of Merit (1945)
from the Secretary of War for his work on the Mahattan Project (1943-1945)
Annual Manufacturing Chemists' Award
Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Award
as one of the six best Chemistry Teachers in the United States. (1960)
Ford Foundation Fellow (1953)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Fellow, American Institute of Chemists
American Chemical Society
Washington Academy fpr the Advancement of Science
New York Academy of Sciences
Beta Kappa Chi
Sigma Xi
National Institute of Science
American Men and Women of Science, 13th ed.
(New York, NY: Gale Publishing), p. 4440.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p. 227.
Q 141 B58 1990 Troy H. Middleton Reference (Non-Circulating)
Directory of Graduate Reasearch 1975
American Chemical Society. Prepared by the Committee on Professional Training. (Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society), 1975.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, editors. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 814.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes: An Educational and Social Study of Negroes Who Have Earned Doctoral Degrees in Course, 1876-1943.
Harry Washington Greene. (Bosoton, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946.p. 57.
National Cyclopedia of American Biography.
(New York, NY: J.T. White), 1898-1984. v. 59, p. 193.
The Negro of Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1879-1969
James Jay Monroe. (Detroit, MI: Balamp Publishing Co.), 1971. p. 186.
World Who's Who in Science: Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present.
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1982. p. 1653-1654.
Illustrations:
Jet
(Chicago, Johnson Pub. Co.), (May 26, 1960). p. 19.
National Cyclopedia of American Biography.
(New York, NY: J.T. White), 1898-1984. v. 59, p. 193.
Monroe H. Little, Jr. Forgotten Pioneers Of The Atomic Age.
The Indianapolis Star (February 26, 1996), Monday City Final Edition Section: Editorial; Pg. A05.
American Men and Women and Science. 3rd edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 165.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 24-25.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.150.
Cincinnatti's Colored Citizens; Historical, Sociological and Biographical.
Wendell P. Dabney. (Cincinatti, OH: Dabney Publishing Co.), 1926. p.200.
Dictionary of American Negro Biography.
Rayfor W. Logan and Michael R. Winston. (New York, NY: Norton), 1982, p.608.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p.194-195.
Negro Builders and Heroes.
Benjamin Griffith Brawley. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press), 1937. p. 252.
Negro History Bulletin.
(Washington, DC: Association of the Study of Negro Life and History) (May 1939), p.68.
Negroes in Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1876-1969.
James Monroe Jay. (Detroit, MI: Balamp Publishing Co.), 1971, p.41.
Negro Year Book; A Review of Events Affecting Negro Life, 1941-1948.
Jessie Parkhurst Guzman. (Tuskegee, AL: The Department of Records & Research, Tuskegee Institute), 1947. p.36.
The New Progress of a Race.
J.L. Nichols and William H. Crogman, editors. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Company), 1920. p. 439.
Progress of a Race, or the Remarkable Advancement of the American Negro.
J.L. Nichols and William H. Crogman, editors. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Company), 1925. p. 439.
Progress of a Race, or the Remarkable Advancement of the American Negro.
J.L. Nichols and William H. Crogman, editors. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Company), 1929. p. 439.
Seven Black American Scientists.
Robert C. Hayden. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley), 1970.
Scientists in the Black Perspective.
Herman A. Young and Barbara H. Young. (?: Sponsored by the Lincoln Foundation), 1974.
Twentieth Century Negro Literature or a Cyclopdia of Thought.
Daniel Wallace Culp. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Co.), 1902, facing p. 163.
Word Picture of the Great. [Juvenile Literature]
Elise Palmer Derricotte, et al. (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, Inc.), 1941. p.219f.
Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Mena nd Women of African Descent. Vol. 1, 1915
Frank Lincoln Mather, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1915. p.267-268, 297f.
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Crisis.
(Baltimore, MD: Crisis Publishing Co.) (June 1923), p.71-72.
Famous Firsts of Black Americans., p.58-60.
Twentieth Century Negro Literature or a Cyclopdia of Thought.
Daniel Wallace Culp. (Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols & Co.), 1902, facing p. 162.
Word Picture of the Great. [Juvenile Literature]
Elise Palmer Derricotte, et al. (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, Inc.), 1941. p.222.
Who's Who Among North Carolina Negro Baptists.
Moses W. Williams and George W. Watkins. 1940. p.302.
Our research involves fundamental studies in analytical chemistry as well as the development and application of new methods, chemical, instrumental, and mathematical, for analytical measurements. The overall goal of these studies is to provide improved methodology for the analyses of complex systems. Although the primary focus is the general area of analytical chemistry, most of our studies emphasize the more specific area of environmental analyses.
Several current ongoing research projects involve varying degrees of chemical, instrumental, and data reduction strategies for the analyses of complex systems. Selected examples of these projects include:
* development of chiral separation procedures using novel chiral polymers;
* development of novel and selective detectors for environmental measurements;
* development of deconvolution methods using factor analysis procedures for the reduction and interpretation of multicomponent chemical data; and
* studies of the influence of guest/host chemistry, e.g., organized media, on chemical systems of analytical interest
American Chemical Society
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Vice-President, Central Region, Beta Kappa Chi
Director, Midwest Region, National Institute of Science
American Association of Univeristy Professor
Sigma Xi
Phi Lamba Upsilon
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.257.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Taylor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 187.
Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1985
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. Publishing Co.), p. 929.
Illustrations:
Magazine Articles:
The Crisis.,
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.), October 1956, p. 504.
Adaptation of chemical ionization mass spectrometers for the detection of amino acids and development of other experimental methods for planetary life detection;
Classified research involved with missile reeentry and missile defense;
Design and building of space instrumentation, atmospheric contaminant sensors, magnetic mass spectrometers, mass analyzers;
Development of new concepts of magnet design and the invention of a new type of x-ray spectrometer.
Twenty-Five+ Years of College Teaching
Full Professor at Howard University and the University of Columbia
Numerous outstanding Professor Awards (Source: Dr. George Alcorn)
Topics: Undergraduate Physics, Graduate Mathematics and Semiconductor Fabrication/Design, and undergraduate Electrical Engineering
Curriculum Vitae
"In 1998, Dr. Alcorn was honored by the Howard Undergraduate assembly in its 'Heritage of Greatness' Awards Ceremony. This was their salute to Black Achievers for the year 1998. Dr. Alcorn was honored as the 'Science and Technology' award winner. Distinguished individuals in Politics and Activism, Entertainment, The Arts, Business, Literature and Life Achievement were also honored." (Source: Dr. George Alcorn)
Heritage of Greatness Awards Ceremony.
Fellowships, Scholarships:
California Savings and Loan Outstanding Student Award
West Coast Fund Fellow
Four-Year Scholarship to Occidental College
Graduate Fellow Physics - Howard University (four years)
Bank America Award Winner
North American Rockwell Summer Fellow (three years)
Memberships:
Sigma Pi Sigma
Sigma Xi
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
Electrochemical Society.
4,618,380 Alcorn; George E. (Reston, VA);
Burgess; Andre S. (Forestville, MD). Method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer Oct. 21, 1986
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC).
Abstract: A process for fabricating an X-ray spectrometer having imaging and energy resolution of X-ray sources. The spectrometer has an array of adjoining rectangularly shaped detector cells formed in a silicon body. The walls of the cells are created by laser drilling holes completely through the silicon body and diffusing n(^+ ) phosphorous doping material therethrough. A thermally migrated aluminum electrode is formed centrally through each of the cells.
Source: U.S. Patent
4,618,380
4,543,442 Alcorn; George E. (Reston, VA);
Leinkram; Charles Z. (Bowie, MD);
Okunola; Olatunji (Orlando, FL). GaAs Schottky barrier photo-responsive device and method of fabrication Sept. 24, 1985
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC).
Abstract: A gallium arsenide photo-responsive device (40) is provided with an intermediate, transparent layer (28) of refractory metal or alkaline earth metal forming a tenacious bond between a non-hydroscopic oxide layer (24) and a noble metal Schottky barrier layer (30). The device has a gallium arsenide substrate with a predetermined type conductivity and a gallium arsenide epitaxial layer (16) with the same type conductivity but a lower charge carrier concentration grown on the substrate. The oxide layer (24) is formed to cover the epitaxial layer (16) and the transparent metal layer (28) followed by the noble metal layer (30) are deposited upon the oxide layer. An interdigitated ohmic contact (32) is then formed upon the noble metal layer.
Source: U.S. Patent
4,543,442
4,472,728 Grant; Patrick A. (Orem, UT);
Jackson, Jr.; John W. (Mt. Rainer, MD);
Alcorn; George E. (Reston, VA);
Marshall; Francis E. (Lanham, MD). Imaging X-ray spectrometer Sept. 18, 1984
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC).
Abstract: An X-ray spectrometer for providing imaging and energy resolution of an X-ray source comprised of a thick silicon wafer (10) having an embedded matrix or grid of aluminum completely through the wafer fabricated, for example, by thermal migration. The aluminum matrix defines the walls (16, 18) of a rectangular array of silicon X-ray detector cells (14) or "pixels". A thermally diffused aluminum electrode (20) is also formed centrally through each of the silicon cells (14) with biasing means (22, 26, 28) being connected to the aluminum cell walls (16, 18) and the centralized aluminum electrode (20) for causing lateral charge carrier depletion between the cell walls so that incident X-ray energy causes a photo-electric reaction within the silicon producing collectible charge carriers in the form of electrons which are collected and used for imaging.
Source: U.S. Patent
4,472,728
4,289,834 Alcorn; George E. (Fairfax, VA);
Hamaker; Raymond W. (Catharpin, VA);
Stephens; Geoffrey B. (Catlett, VA). Dense dry etched multi-level metallurgy with non-overlapped vias Sept. 15, 1981
Assignee: IBM Corporation (Armonk, NY).
Abstract: A double level metal interconnection structure and process for making same are disclosed, wherein an etch-stop layer is formed on the first metal layer to prevent over-etching thereof when forming the second level metal line in a via hole in an insulating layer thereover, by means of reactive plasma etching. The etch-stop layer is composed of chromium and the reactive plasma etching is carried out with a halocarbon gas.
Source: U.S. Patent
4,289,834
4,201,800 Alcorn; George E. (Reston, VA);
Bergeron; David L. (Winooski, VT);
Stephens; Geoffrey B. (Cary, NC). Hardened photoresist master image mask process May 6, 1980
Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY).
Abstract: An improved mask fabrication process is disclosed which may be broadly applied to ion-implantation, reactive plasma etching, or the etching of semiconductor structures. The process is based upon the deposition onto an oxide coated or bare semiconductor surface, of a first photoresist layer having formed therein a plurality of windows and which is hardened by a wet chemical technique so as to have an increased resistance to dissolution in solvents. A second photoresist layer is deposited over the surface and windows of the first layer and a subplurality of windows are formed therein over selected windows in the first photoresist layer so as to selectively block a portion of the plurality of windows in the first layer. This composite mask invention may then be employed to carry out an ion-implantation step, wet etching step or reactive plasma etching step on the oxide or semiconductor surface exposed through composite windows. The second layer of photoresist may then be removed and a substitute photoresist layer may be deposited on the surface and windows of the first, hardened photoresist layer and a different subplurality of windows in the substitute layer may be selectively formed over selected windows in the hardened photoresist layer, thereby selectively blocking a different combination of windows in the first, hardened layer.
Source: U.S. Patent
4,201,800
4,172,004 Alcorn; George E. (Fairfax, VA);
Hamaker; Raymond W. (Catharpin, VA);
Stephens; Geoffrey B. (Catlett, VA). Method for forming dense dry etched multi-level metallurgy with non-overlapped vias Oct. 23, 1979
Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY).
Abstract: A double level metal interconnection structure and process for making same are disclosed, wherein an etch-stop layer is formed on the first metal layer to prevent over-etching thereof when forming the second level metal line in a via hole in an insulating layer thereover, by means of reactive plasma etching. The etch-stop layer is composed of chromium and the reactive plasma etching is carried out with a halocarbon gas.
Source: U.S. Patent
4,172,004
IBM
Innovator's Gold Jewelry
First Plateau Cash Award for Inventions
Second Plateau Cash Award for Inventions
Twice cited by IBM Chairman of Board for Creative contributions to IBM's progess
Numerous Invention awards (Source: Dr. George Alcorn)
IBM visiting Professor in Electrical Engineering at Howard University (Graduate and Undergraduate)
NASA
1984 - NASA medal for helping small businesses and recruiting minorities
1984 - GSFC inventor of the uear for First Imaging Spectrometer by Thermomigration of Aluminum
Numerous Patent Awards (Candian, European and Japanese patents)
ROMPS Group Award (NASA)-- (Robot Operated Material Processing) 1995
1996 - NCTMT (NASA) Award
1998 - SBIR Program Team NASA Award
1994 - GSFC ROMPS Award
1999 - GSFC Diversity Individual Award
National Resource Award for Cost Efficient Topographical mapping, GSFC Award 1999
Distinguished Lecture Series - Tennessee State University 1994
Original mentor - Meyerhoff Program through UMBC.
Negro Almanac. 5th edition
Harry Ploski, editor. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research), 1989. p. 1078.
E 185 N34 1989 Middleton Library
Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists.
Emily J. McMurray.(Detroit, MI: Gale Research), 1994, 1996.
World of Invention: History's Most Significant Inventions and the People Behind Them.
Bridget Travers and Jeffrey Muhr, editors. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research), 1994.
Personal communication. Dr. George Alcorn. (February 2, 1999)
Other Internet References
Office of Space Access and Technology
Technology Transfer & Commercialization Activities
http://nctn.hq.nasa.gov/success/spinoff/1996/71.html
The chief of Goddard's Office of Commercial Programs, Dr. George Alcorn, oversees the center's technology transfer efforts, such as the Earth Alert project.
Goodard Space Flight Center (http://hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov/GSFC_homepage.html)
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Earth and planetary science missions, LIDAR, cryogenic systems, robotics, tracking, telemetry, and command. Selected technological strengths are Earth and Planetary Science Missions, LIDAR, Cryogenic Systems, Tracking, Telemetry, Command, Optics and Sensors/Detectors.
About the Goddard Space Flight Center: "Tech Briefs: < href="http://www.nasatech.com/resrep/GODDARD.html">GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
George Alcorn
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
301/286-5810
george.e.alcorn.1@gsfc.nasa.gov
Illustrations:
Technology Commercialization Orchestra
http://nctn.oact.hq.nasa.gov/nctn/wrh/album/tcoalbum.htm
Includes a photograph of George Alcorn.
From 1902-1903, Bouchet served as a science teacher at the Sumner High School in St. Louis, Missouri, in their college preparatory program.. From 193-194 he served as business manager of the Provident Hospital, St. Louis and U.S.. Inspector of Customs at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904-1905). Between 1905 and 1908, Bouchet was director of academics at St. Paul's Normal and Industrial School in Lawrenceville, Virginia (later renamed, St. Paul's College). In 1908 he was appointed principal of the Lincoln High School, Galipolis, Ohio, until 1913, when he joined the faculty of Bishop College in Marshall, Texas. Dr. Bouchet retired from college teaching in 1916 due to illness, where he returned to New Haven.
Edward Bouchet entered Yale College in 1870 and was the first African American to graduate Yale College in 1874. On the basis of his academic record he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
Although Bouchet was elected to Phi Beta Kappa along with other members of the Yale class of 1874, the election did not take place until 1884, when the Yale chapter was reorganized after thirteen years of inactivity. (Source) Because of the circumstances, Bouchet was not (as frequently stated in other historical sources), the first African American elected to Phi Beta Kappa. George Washington Henderson (University of Vermont) was elected in 1877 as the first.
Bouchet continued the study of graduate physics at Yale, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in Physics in 1876. Bouchet was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from an American university.
Phi Beta Kappa
First African American to receive a Ph.D. from an American university.
Black Biography, 1790-1950: A Cumulative Index.
Randall K. Burkett and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. (Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey), 1991. p. 322.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.32.
Dictionary of American Negro Biography.
Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, editors. (New York : Norton), 1982. p. 50-51.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, editors. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 187.
Holders of Doctorates Among American Negroes.
Harry Washington Greene. (Boston, MA: Meador Publishing Co.), 1946. p. 140, 145.
Herman R. Branson. "The Negro Scientist: His Sociological Background, His Record of Achievement, and His Potential."
The Negro in Science.
Julius R. Taylor, editor. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 5.
Negro Year Book; An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro. 1952
Monroe N. Work, editor. (Tuskegee Institute, AL: The Negro Book Publishing Co.). p. 285.
Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographjical Dicitionary of Men and Women of African Descent. vol. 1
Frank Lincoln Mather, editor. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1915, 1976.
(1915) p. 31.
Other Internet References
Yale's First Black Undergraduate, 120 Years Later; Edward Bouchet, Class Of 1876, Now An Eli Hero.
Yale Daily News (Thursday, February 1, 1996) by Jill Kelly.
http://www.yale.edu/ydn/paper/2.1.96/2.1.96storyno.ED.html
Edward A. Bouchet Research Fellowship Program
Timothy Dwight College On-Line, a division of Yale University
http://www.yale.edu/td/archive/news021196.html
Illustrations:
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July, 1950) p. 18. Includes a photograph.
Black Collegian
(New Orleans, La., Black Collegiate Services) 8 (March/April, 1978) p. 32.
The African Abroad; of his Evolution in Western Civilization.
William H. Ferris. (New Haven, CT: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Press), 1913. 2 volumes. facing p. 775.
Reminiscences of School Life, and Hints on Teaching.
Fanny Jackson-Coppin. (Philadelphia, PA: A.M.E. Book Concern), 1913. facing p. 144.
Magazine Articles
Phi Beta Kappa. The Key Reporter.
(Spring 1969), p. 8.
Howard University Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.
"Black Americans in the Natural Sciences and the Professions: A Memorial Symposium in Honor of Edward Bouchet." (1975)
Taken from the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center vertical file.
Yale University. Biographical Record of the Class of 1874.
Part 4, 1874-1909 (1912)
Part 5, 1909-1919 (1919).
Member, American Ceramic Society
Member, American Physical Society
Member, American Crystallography ssociation
Member, American Institue of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
Member, American Carbon Society
Member, American Association of University Professors
AAAS
Member, Sigma Xi (Honor Society for the American Chemical Society)
Member, Sigma Pi Sigma (Honor Society for the American Institute of Physics).
American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory. 15th ed.
James McKee Cattell (New York, NY: Bowker). p. 647.
Black Engineers in the United States. 1974
James K. K. Ho. (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press) p. 23-24.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.179.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. , p.xxx.
Who's Who Among African Americans.
(Detroit: Gale Research)
Eighth edition published as Who's Who Among Black Americans.
E 185.96 W52 Middleton Library
Ninth edition, 1996/1997
Who's Who Among Black Americans.
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans)
Middleton Library
Second edition, 1977-1978.
Third edition, 1980-1981.
Fourth edition, 1985. (Lake Forest, IL: Educational Communications)
Fifth edition, 1988. Lake Forest, IL: Educational Communications)
Sixth edition, 1990/1991. (Detroit: Gale Research)
Seventh edition, 1992/1993. (Detroit: Gale Research)
Eighth edition, 1994/1995. (Detroit: Gale Research)
Who's Who in America, 1986-87.
( Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who) p. 318.
41st edition, 1980-1981
42nd edition, 1982-1983
43rd edition, 1984-1985
44th edition, 1986-1987
45th edition, 1988-1989
46th edition, 1990-1991
47th edition, 1992-1993
Who's Who in Frontier Science and Technology. First edition, 1984-1985.
(Chicago: Marquis Who's Who), 1984.
Who's Who in the West.
(Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who)
17th edition, 1980-1981
18th edition, 1982-1983
21st edition, 1987-1988.
National Rearch Laboratory, Space Science Division (http://bdc.nrl.navy.mil/SSD/) Code 7609
Ultraviolet Measurements Branch (http://bdc.nrl.navy.mil/Mission/fuvcam/)
FUVCAM Personnel (http://bdc.nrl.navy.mil/Mission/fuvcam/poc.html) -- George Carruthers Principle Investigator.
American Astronomical Society
American Geophysical Union
AIAA
AAAS
National Technical Association
Chairman of the Editing and Review Committee and Editor, Journal of the National Technical Association, 1983 to present.
Awards:
Arthur S. Fleming Award (Washington Jaycees), 1971
Exceptional Achievement Scientific Award Medal NASA 1972
Warner Prize of the American Astronomical Society
National Science Foundation Fellow
Honorary Doctor of Engineering, Michigan Technological University.
American Men and Women of Science, 12th edition
(New York, Bowker), p.909.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p.13-14.
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups. 3rd edition
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980. p. 166.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1980-1981
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 131.
Who's Who Among Black Americans., 1985
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 139.
Illustrations:
Black in Science, Ancient and Modern
Ivan Van Sertima. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transition Books), 1984. p. 258-262.
Essays from Jurnal of African Civilizations 5(1) (April 1983) and 5(2) (November 1983).
Part I: African Science; Part II: Afro American Science.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs
Experiment: Far UV Camera/Spectrograph
a.k.a. Lunar Surface Ultraviolet Camera
Acronym: UVC (LSUC)
http://www-sn.jsc.nasa.gov/explore/Data/Apollo/Part1/UVC.htm
Magazine Articles
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (September, 1985) p. 7.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (October, 1973) p. 61-63.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (October, 1970) p. 6.
American Men and Women of Science. 14th edition.
(Jaques Catteell Press: R.R. Bowker Company), 1979. vol. 2 (C-F), p. 911.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 25.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
"Brief History of the National Society of Black Physicists" (February 8, 2000)
http://www.nsbp.org/history.html
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 24.
DOE/OPA-0035(79).
David Sarnoff Award RCA, 1962-63
Electron Microscopy Society
Physical Society
Biophysical Society
Society of Cell Biology
Fulbright Schola.
American Men of Science. 11th edition, Supplement 2
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 158.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.158.
Encyclopedia of Black America
Agustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, editors. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 744.
Who's Who in the East. 17th edition, 1979-1980.
(Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who), 1979.
Who's Who in the East. 16th edition, 1977-1978.
(Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who), 1977.
RESEARCH AREA:
High-Energy Astrophysics, Astro-Particle Physics and Cosmology.
Dr. Davis has an assortment of outside interests. He enjoys physical fitness: weight lifting, basketball, racquetball, running and cycling. Furthermore, he likes learning about archaeology, anthropology, paleontology and is currently working at becoming a better chess player.
NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program
National Science Foundation Travel Grant to attend and give two lectures on Time Dilation in Gamma-Ray Bursts at the NATO Advanced Study Institute in High Energy Astrophysics, Erice, Sicily (May, 1994)
Listed in "Who's Who" In Science and Engineering and the "Who's Who" in the World
Listed in the American Biographical Institute's "500 Leaders of Influence"
Nominated for American Biographical Institute's Man of the Year
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS:
American Physical Society/American Institute of Physics (AIP).
1997
Oral and Poster presentation at the "All Sky X-Ray Observations in the Next Decade" conference at the RIKEN in Wako, Saitama, Japan.
1996
Poster presentation at the High-Energy Astrophysics Division, San Diego.
1995
Oral presentation at Tucson meeting of the AAS.
1994
Time Dilation in Gamma-Ray Bursts at the NATO Advanced Study Institute in High Energy Astrophysics, Erice, Sicily, (May 1994).
1993
AIP Conference on Gamma-Ray Bursts in Huntsville.
1992
Poster presentation at Atlanta Meeting of AAS.
Gourdine's success in track and field was more than matched by his scientific achievements later. The companies he founded worked on purifying the air and converting low-grade coal into inexpensive, transportable and high-voltage electrical energy. They produced a commercial air-pollution deterrent, a high-powered industrial paint spray and a device to eliminate fog above airports.
His sports career flourished at Cornell University, where at 6 feet and 175 pounds he competed in the sprints and low hurdles and the long jump. He won four titles in the championships of the Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America and five titles in the Heptagonal Games. In 1952, he helped Cornell finish second to Southern California in the National Collegiate Athletic Association championships, in which Southern California had 36 athletes and Cornell 5.
His greatest achievement and greatest frustration in sports came in the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. Jerome Biffle, another American, won the gold medal in the long jump at 24 feet 10 inches. Gourdine finished second, an inch and a half behind.
"I would have rather lost by a foot," he said years later. "I still have nightmares about it."
Meredith Charles Gourdine was born Sept. 26, 1929, in Newark. He was raised in Brooklyn, where his father was a painter and a janitor. After classes at Brooklyn Tech High School, he worked eight hours a day on painting jobs with his father.
The son recalled: "My father said, 'If you don't want to be a laborer all your life, stay in school.' It took."
The youngster did not run until his senior year in high school and never won a race there, but his swimming prowess earned a scholarship offer from the University of Michigan. Instead, he went to Cornell and paid his way most of the first two years.
In 1952, after he had earned a bachelor's degree in engineering, Gourdine became an officer in the United States Navy. In 1960, on a Guggenheim fellowship, he earned a doctorate in engineering science from the California Institute of Technology.
After four years in private industry, he borrowed $200,000 from friends and opened a research and development firm, Gourdine Systems, in Livingston, N.J. In 1973, he founded Energy Innovations in Houston to produce direct-energy conversion devices. He was the chief executive there until his death.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Offical Gazzette -- 27 patents issued between 1971-1996.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Patent Number Date Patent Title Inventors
1. U.S. 5,548,907, Aug. 27, 1996, Method and Apparatus for Transferring Heat, Mass, and Momentum Between a Fluid and a Surface., Gourdine, Meredith C., Houston, Texas
2. U.S. 5,487,957, Jan. 30, 1996, Method and Apparatus for Converting Chemical and Thermal Energy into Electricity., Gourdine, Meredith, Pearland, Texas
3. U.S. 5,456,596, Oct. 10, 1995, Method and Apparatus for Producing Multivortex Fluid Flow., Gourdine, Meredith, Houston, Texas
4. U.S. 5,422,787, Jun. 6, 1995, Apparatus and Method for Cooling Heat Generating Electronic Components in a Cabinet., Gourdine, Meredith C., Houston, Texas
5. U.S. 5,297,005, Mar. 22, 1994, Apparatus and Method for Cooling Heat Generating Electronic Components in a Cabinet., Gourdine, Meredith C., Houston, Texas
6. U.S. 4,916,033, Apr. 10, 1990, Method and Apparatus fFor Converting Chemical and Thermal Energy into Electricity., Gourdine, Meredith, Pearland, Texas
7. U.S. 4,850,537, Jul. 25, 1989, Method and Apparatus for Producing Multivortex Fluid Flow., Gourdine, Meredith, Pearland, Texas
8. U.S. 4,671,805, Jun. 9, 1987, Method for Airport Fog Precipitation., Gourdine, Meredith C., East Orange, New Jersey
9. U.S. 4,574,092, Mar. 4, 1986, Electrogasdynamic Coating System., Gourdine, Meredith C., East Orange, New Jersey
10. U.S. 4,555,909, Dec. 3, 1985, Method and Apparatus for Improved Cooling of Hot Materials., Gourdine, Meredith C., East Orange, New Jersey
11. U.S. 4,498,631, Feb. 12, 1985, Electrogasdynamic Coating System., Gourdine, Meredith C., East Orange, New Jersey
12. U.S. 4,433,003, Feb. 21, 1984, Electrogasdynamic Coating System., Gourdine, Meredith C., East Orange, New Jersey
13. U.S. 3,991,710, Nov. 16, 1976, Electrogasdynamic Production Line Coating System., Gourdine, Meredith C., Fort Lee, New Jersey Diamond, Stephen, Livingston, New Jersey Porter, Donald, Carlstadt, New Jersey
14. U.S. 3,853,580, Dec. 10, 1974, Methods For Electrogasdynamic Coating., Gourdine, Meredith C., East Orange, New Jersey
15. U.S. 3,757,491, Sep. 11, 1973, Apparatus For Suppressing Airborne Particles., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
16. U.S. 3,718,029, Nov. 14, 1972, Electrostatic Mass Per Unit Volume Dust Monitor., Gourdine, Meredith C., Fort Lee, New Jersey Law, S. Edward, Athens, Georgia
17. U.S. 3,704,572, Dec. 5, 1972, Electrostatic Precipitator System., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey Sayers, Howard A., Clifton, New Jersey
18. U.S. 3,673,463, Jun. 27, 1972, Methods And Apparatus For Electrogasdynamic Coating., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
19. U.S. 3,650,092, Mar. 21, 1972, Electrogasdynamic Precipitator Utilizing Retarding Fields., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey Von Voros, Geza, Glen Rock, New Jersey Chiang, Ta Kuan, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey
20. U.S. 3,613,993, Oct. 19, 1971, ELECTROSTATIC PAINTING METHOD AND APPARATUS.., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey Collier, Edward L., Morris Plains, New Jersey Lewis, Gerald P., West Orange, New Jersey McCrae, Harold, Upper Montclair, New Jersey Porter, Donald H., Carlstadt, New Jersey
21. U.S. 3,612,923, Oct. 12, 1971, Electrogasdynamic Converter With Resistive Channel. Collier, Edward L., Morris Plains, New Jersey Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey McCrae, Harold W., Upper Montclair, New Jersey
22. U.S. 3,592,541, Jul. 13, 1971, Copying System Using Electrogasdynamics., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
23. U.S. 3,585,420, Jun. 15, 1971, Alternating Current Systems Employing Multiple Electrogasdynamic Devices., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
24. U.S. 3,582,694, Jun. 1, 1971, Electrogasdynamic Systems And Methods., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
25. U.S. 3,581,468, Jun. 1, 1971, Turbulence Inducing Electrogasdynamic Precipitator., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey Von Voros, Geza, Glen Rock, New Jersey Chiang, Ta Kuan, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey
26. U.S. 3,573,845, Apr. 6, 1971, Improved Acoustic Image Reproduction System Using a Piezoelectric Printer And Electrogasdynamics., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
27. U.S. 3,562,585, Feb. 9, 1971, Electrogasdynamic Systems Adapted for Circuit Breaking and Other Purposes., Gourdine, Meredith C., West Orange, New Jersey
Daniel & Florence Guggenheim fellowship
Ramo-Woolridge fellowship
Olympic Silver Medial (1952 Helsinki, Finland) -- Long Jump
Inducted to Engineeering and Science Hall of Fame (Dayton, Ohio), 1994
Inventor of Focus Flow Heat Sink, used for computer chip cooling.
National Academy of Engineering (1991)
President, Energy Innovation, Inc. Houston, Texas.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 50-51.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.371.
Black Americans in Science and Engineering : Contributors of Past and Present.
Illustrated and edited by Eugene Winslow. (Produced for General Electric Company by Afro-Am Pub. Co.), c1974.
Black Engineers in the United States
James K. Ho. (Washington, DC: Howard University Press), 1974. p. 78-79.
Black Contributors to Science, Energy, and Technology. 1979.
(Washington, D.C. : Dept. of Energy, Office of Public Affairs), 1979. p. 16-17.
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Magazine Articles:
"The DOE is a Mother of Invention." Energy Economist (March, 1990).
Developed an electrogasdynamic device for dispersing fog being tested at Elmira Airport, NY. A stream of negatively charged water droplets is put in the air causing fog droplets to be charged and electrically attracted to the ground.
Dr. Meredith C. Gourdine, (NAE), President, Energy Innovations Inc., Houston, TX
Ebony
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (April 1967), p.52-54, 56, 58, 60-62.
Ebony
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (August 1972), p.125.
Ebony
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (February 1974), p. 74, 77.
Her research has focused on Landau theories of charge density waves in one- and two-dimensions. Dr. Jackson's research also touched on two-dimensional Yang-Mills gauge theories and neutrino reactions.
"I am interested in the electronic, optical, magnetic, and transport properties of novel semiconductor systems. Of special interest are the behavior of magnetic polarons in semimagnetic and dilute magnetic semiconductors, and the optical response properties of semiconductor quantum-wells and superlattices. My interests also include quantum dots, mesoscopic systems, and the role of antiferromagnetic fluctuations in correlated 2D electron systems."
Trustees Select Head Of Nuclear Regulatory Commission
The Honorable Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson, chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, has been named the 18th president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, effective July 1, 1999, Samuel F. Heffner Jr. '56, chair of Rensselaer's Board of Trustees has announced.
For full information, see: http://www.rensselaer.edu/dept/NewsComm/Magazine/March99/jackson.html.
Memberships
Candace Award, National Coalition of 100 Black Women
MIT Educational Council, 1976 to present.
Board of Trustees for Lincoln University, 1980 to present.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, National Academy of Sciences, 1977-1980.
Sigma Xi; Delta Sigma Theta;
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)
New York Academy of Sciences
Scholar, Martin Marietta Aircraft Corporation (1964-68)
National Science Foundation Traineeship (1968-71)
Outstanding Young Women of America Award (1976 AND 1981).
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 60.
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups. 3rd edition
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980. p. 489.
American Men and Women of Science., 15th edition
(New York, Bowker), 15th edition, v.4 1982/83 (J-L) p.10.
Who's Who Among Black Americans, 1985
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 431.
Black Women Achieve Against Odds.
Home Page of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
"Message From the Chairman" Dr. Shirley Jackson, Chairperson of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Includes an audio file (767K)
"Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson" Vitae of Chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Last updated on Monday, October 16, 1995 by clh1@nrc.gov.
URL: http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/WHATIS/jackson.vitae.html
Shirley Jackson
Source: Biographies of Board Members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
URL: http://www.doe.gov/html/doe/whatsnew/galvin/tf-bioa.html
"An Evening With Dr. Shirley A. Jackson Chairperson U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission." MIT Club of Washington. (Wednesday, November 15, 1995) University Club, Mary Graydon Center American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave., NW.
Presentation Followed By Questions/Answers
URL: http://www.access.digex.net/~woce/MITClub/event1.html
Rutgers University Department of Physics and Astronomy Department Web Site
Shirley Jackson - Professor of Physics web page
Professional Activities
Directory page
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
Magazine Articles
Black Enterprise.
(New York : E.G. Graves Pub. Co.), (August 1974), p.24-25, includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (November 1974), p.114-116, 1188, 120, 122., includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (June 1977), p.p.128-129, includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July 1986), p.134, includes a photograph.
Smithsonian.
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Associates), p.38.
Recipient of the Group Achievement Award, NASA's Lunar Spacecraft and Operations.
Honorary Doctor of Laws, SUNY Farmindale (1998)
West Virginia State College -- Outstanding Alumnus of the Year (1999).
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 11.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)<
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980. p. 514.
Golden Legacy.
(New York, NY: Fitzgerald Publishing Co.), 1969, v.5, p. 29.
Bonnie V. Winston. "Katherine Johnson." Black History: Virginia Profiles.
Richmond Times-Dispatch
Information placard that was part of an information kiosk display. [date unknown]
Communications with Joylette Hylick, daughter (June 4, 1996)
Correction to date of birth and birthplace (White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia)
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 10.
Health Physics became a recognized profession around 1942. When Koontz entered the field, there were few rules and guidelines and procedures for Health Physicists to follow. Together with their instructors, the early students, like Koontz, originated many of today's practices, instrumentation and techniques to protect people from the hazards of ionizing radiation.
Currently, Mr. Koontz is an engineer with Atomics International. His responsibility is planning, directing and controlling all contract efforts on the design of the radioactive waste and sodium disposal system of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The breeder reactor is not yet a fully developed commercial reactor. Its development is important to help stretch the nation's nuclear energy resources from decades to hundreds of years. It will create or breed more usable fuel than it consumes. In 1983, the U.S. Government canceled the Clinch River Breeder Reactor (375 MWe) program that would have required reprocessing plutonium.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 32-33.
On June 1, 1995, Dr. Walter E. Massey, class of 1958, was named ninth president of Morehouse. Massey served previously as provost and senior vice president-academic. Massey was the director of the National Science Foundation, the government's lead agency for support of research and education in mathematics, science and engineering.
President, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers (1975)
Member of the National Science Board (1978-1983)
Trustee, Brown University
Trustee, Rand Corporation
Visiting Committee for the Physics Department of MIT and Harvard
Superconducting Supercollider Site Evaluation Committee of the National Academies of Science and Engineering
Co-Chairman, AAAS Steering Committee for the Project to Strengthen the Scientific and Engineering Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa.
American Men and Women of Science. 14th ed., 1978
(New York, NY: Bowker), 1976. p. 3233.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.164.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.655.
Who's Who Among Black Americans.>, 1985
(Detroit , MI: Gale Research, Inc.), 1985. p. 551.
Illustrations:
Morehouse College: A Proud Tradition of Producing Great Men
Dr. Walter E. Massey (9th President of Morehouse College)
Science.
December 18, 1987 p. 1657-1658. Includes photograph and biography.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (October, 1987) p.84. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (November, 1985) p.339. Includes a photograph.
Black Collegian.
(New Orleans, LA: Black Collegiate Services) 35 (August/September 1980). p. 172-177. Includes photographs.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (November, 1979) p.89-92,94. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (May 1968) p.6. Includes a photograph.
Magazine Articles
Science.
December 18, 1987 p. 1657-1658. Includes photograph and biography.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (October, 1987) p.84. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (November, 1985) p.339. Includes a photograph.
Black Collegian.
(New Orleans, LA: Black Collegiate Services) 35 (August/September 1980). p. 172-177. Includes photographs.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (November, 1979) p.89-92,94. Includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (May 1968) p.6. Includes a photograph.
During Robert's career he has served as chief of the Optics and Microwave Laboratory in the Electronics Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Louis Roberts founded and was president of a microwave company. His research interests focus on microwave and optical techniques and components, plasma research, solid state component and circuit development.
"Dr. Roberts became manager of the tube division of Sylvania Electric and was the founder and president of Microwave Associates, now known as M-A Com. He was instrumental in the founding and developing of three other microwave companies in the 1950s and 1960s, Bomac Labs in Beverly, Metcom in Salem and Elcon Labs in Peabody. An accomplished author of numerous technical papers and journals on microwave theory, he held patents and rights on several technological innovations. [Louis] Roberts became chief of the microwave lab of NASA's electronics research center in Cambridge in the 1960s and was a pivotal member of the Apollo program as head of optics, photography and microwave electronics. From 1970 to his retirement in 1989, he held various senior positions with the Department of Transportation System Center in Cambridge, becoming its director in 1985. Among his many accomplishments at DOT were his work on the national airspace system plan and air traffic system controls worldwide."
Source: "Dr. Louis W. Roberts, microwave physicist, 82" The Boston Herald (Obituaries) (November 7, 1995), p. 53.
Member, American Physical Society.
Member, American Mathematical Society.
American Men and Women and Science. 14th ed.
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.4237.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 21.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science and Medicine.
Vivian O. Sammons. (New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.), 1990. p.202.
The Negro in Science.
Julius Taylor, eds. (Baltimore, MD: Morgan State College Press), 1955. p. 190-191.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 20.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Ten honorary Doctoral Degrees
Scientist of the Year, 1965.
American Men and Women and Science. 16th edition
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 805.
Black Engineers in the United States -- A Directory.
James K. Ho. (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press), 1974. p. 181.
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p.214.
In Black And White : A Guide To Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, And Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals And Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, editor. (Detroit, MI : Gale Research Co.), 1980. p.xxx.
Who's Who Among Black Americans. 1985
(Northbrook, IL: Who's Who Among Black Americans, Inc. Publishing Co.), p. 767.
Who's Who In Engineering.
(New York, NY: American Association of Engineering Society), 1977. p. 612.
Illustrations:
Black Collegian.
(New Orleans, LA: Black Collegiate Services), (February/March 1981), p. 158, 160, 162, 164, 166. Includes photgraph.
Magazine Articles:
Black Collegian.
(New Orleans, LA: Black Collegiate Services), (February/March 1981), p. 158, 160, 162, 164, 166.
Before joining the Energy Research and Development Administration in 1975, Taylor managed his own building system engineering firm in Los Angeles, California. Previous to his company in California, Lawnie Taylor served as scientific research and managment position at COlumbia Univeristy's Nuclear Laboratory, At Aerojet-General Corporation's nuclear rocket project, and the Xerox Corporation's space program. Taylor received a NASA award for his development of an Apollo experiment.
Dr. Taylor has been involved in the community in addition to his professional duties. He has served as a newspaper publisher and founded several local California organizations dealing with housing, education, and economic development in low-income communitites. Taylor has also written publications on science and technology, education, and equal opportunity.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 25.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science and Education.
Vivian O. Sammons. (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishers), 1989. p. 227.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 24.
1964 - 1965 Chemist, Fairchild-Hiller
1965 - 1966 Chemist (contracted to GSFC), Melpar
1966 - 1977 Astrophysicist, NASA/GSFC
1977 - Present Geophysicist, NASA/GSFC
Geophysicist, Geodynamics Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics
RESEARCH AREA EXPERIENCE:
Tectonics, Geomagnetism, Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistr
J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. primary achievement has been the development of radiation shielding against gamma radiation, emitted during electron decay of the Sun and other nuclear sources. He developed mathematical models by which the amount of gamma radiation absorbed by a given material can be calculated. This technique of calculating radiative absorption is widely used among researcher in space and nuclear science projects.
Member, Phi Beta Kappa at 16.
Former President of the American Nuclear Society.
American Men and Women and Science. 16th ed.
(New York: McGraw-Hill), p.630.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 15.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Carwell, Hattie. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. pp. 44-45.
Black Mathematicians and Their Works.
Virginia K. Newell, eds. (Ardmore, PA: Dorrance), 1980. pp.297-299.
Blacks in Science and Medicine.
Vivian O. Sammons. (New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.), 1990. p.234.
Encyclopedia of Black America.
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, eds. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 745, 856.
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980. p. 1040.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 14.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
E1.23:0035 11979 Middleton Government Documents
Black Mathematicians and Their Works.
Virginia K. Newell, eds. (Ardmore, PA: Dorrance), 1980. p.240.
Magazine Articles
J. Lovell, Jr. In Memoriam. Crisis.
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.) September, 1940, p. 288, includes a photograph.
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (September, 1950), p. 20, includes a photograph.
Jet.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (April 28, 1955), p.21.
Biodynamics Training Faculty
Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (http://www.cmbn.rutgers.edu/biodyn/e-faculty.html) -- a photograph with Dr. Shaw in the back row, third from right.
Research, Teaching, and Professional Activities of Earl D. Shaw (http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/people/pdps/Shaw.html)
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University.
U.S. 4,529,942
"Free-electron amplifier device with electromagnetic radiation delay element." (July 16, 1985)
EXPIRATION-DATE: Jul. 18, 1993 due to failure to pay maintenance fees.
INVENTOR: Chandra K. N. Patel, Summit, New Jersey
Earl D. Shaw, Harding Township, Morris County, New Jersey
ASSIGNEE-AT-ISSUE: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey (02)
ABSTRACT:
In the interest of increased efficiency and gain of free-electron amplifier devices, means are provided for retarding electromagnetic radiation in such devices. This permits an electron beam pulse to catch up with a pulse of electromagnetic radiation and thus to interact repeatedly with electromagnetic radiation. Retarding means may be implemented, e.g., as one or several waveguides having suitable diameter and length; alternatively, resonant filters consisting essentially of wire meshes can be used.
Free-electron amplifier operation has been proposed based on the emission of electromagnetic radiation by accelerated high-energy electrons, acceleration typically being in a spatially periodic magnetic field whose direction is essentially transverse to electron velocity. A theoretical study of the emission of electromagnetic radiation by periodically accelerated electrons was made by H. Motz, "Applications of the Radiation from Fast Electron Beams", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 22 (1951), pp. 527-535, and experimental results were presented by H. Motz et al., "Experiments on Radiation by Fast Electron Beams", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 24 (1953), pp. 826-833.
More recently, amplification of infrared radiation by relativistic free electrons in a spatially periodic magnetic field was observed by L. R. Elias et al., "Observation of Stimulated Emission of Radiation by Relativistic Electrons in a Spatially Periodic Transverse Magnetic Field", Physical Review Letters, Vol. 36 (1976), pp. 717-720, and free-electron laser operation at a wavelength of 3.4 micrometers was reported by D. A. G. Deacon et al., "First Operation of a Free-Electron Laser", Physical Review Letters, Vol. 38 (1977), pp. 892-894. As shown, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,822,410, issued July 2, 1974 to J. M. J. Madey, free-electron laser apparatus typically includes components such as, in particular, a source of high-energy electrons, a source of a spatially periodic magnetic field, and two radiation reflecting elements of which one is essentially totally reflecting and the other is semitransparent to generated radiation.
Free-electron lasers are understood to be most promising for generating tunable far-infrared radiation. Accordingly, the following are considered relevant:
R. Ulrich, "Far-Infrared Properties of Metallic Mesh and its Complementary Structure", Infrared Physics, Vol. 7, pp. 37-55 (1967),
R. Ulrich, "Interference Filters for the Far Infrared", Applied Optics, Vol. 7, pp. 1987-1996 (1968),
R. Ulrich et al., "Variable Metal Mesh Coupler for Far Infrared Lasers", Applied Optics, Vol. 9, pp. 2511-2516 (1970),
C. O. Weiss, "Optically Pumped FIR-Laser with Variable Fabry-Perot Output Coupler", Applied Physics, Vol. 13, pp. 383-385 (1977),
E. D. Shaw et al., "Theoretical Considerations for FEL's in the Far Infrared", Free-Electron Generators of Coherent Radiation (New York, NY: Addison-Wesley), 1980, pp. 665-669.
A key feature of free-electron amplifier operation is amplification of electromagnetic radiation due to recoil of electrons during emission of electromagnetic radiation and attendant separation of the frequencies of emission and absorption. Amplification occurs at frequencies for which the transition rate for emission exceeds the transition rate for absorption, and the amplification factor is directly dependent on the duration of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and electrons. If a pulsed electron beam is used and if the speed of electrons is appreciably less than the speed of light, it may be that such duration of interaction is undesirably brief.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to lengthen the time of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and electrons in free-electron amplifier devices. Such object is realized by means of a delay element for retarding the propagation of electromagnetic radiation to permit repeated interaction between an electron beam pulse and an electromagnetic radiation pulse. The delay element is designed to affect electromagnetic radiation by causing a phase shift and a time delay, and designed further to leave the electron beam essentially unaffected.
Current technology permits free-electron amplifier operation at wavelengths up to approximately 10 millimeters, and the invention is of particular interest when electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength in the range of from 20 micrometers to 1 millimeter.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 42.
Illustrations:
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. after p. 48.
First, a bit of physics...
The light emitted by a laser follows a balance. The energy of the emitted light is the product of the wavelength time the frequency: E = h = ch/
where h is Planck's constant. The wavelength of the emitted beam can be seen as a color of light . Infrared through microwave transmission but the human eye can only see within a range of color from red (infrared is want you feel as sunlight through a window) to blue (microwave and radio signals). If the frequency of a laser increased the wavelength will decrease (become bluer) if the laser energy is the same. If the frequency is decrease, then the light is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.
The effect of changing frequency: = c /
Spin-flip lasers are usually operate either in the infrared or micrometer frequencies, where "Raman" microwave lasers function in the microwave range (named after C.V. Raman, an Indian physicist who worked with radiation studies in 1928). The Raman effect is the scattering of light by molecules with a frequency change. In the Raman effect, the scattered frequency is different from the incident frequency, and the incident frequency in NOT related to a characteristic frequency of the scattering molecule. This effect allows for a strong central beam, with variations of beam intensity that allow a range of beam strength. With crystal lasers, such as ruby-crystal or gas He-Ne lasers, a single beam frequency is emitted. Spin-flip tuning allows a short range of variable beam frequencies, as through a dimmer switch were on the laser, to turn the beam frequencies higher or lower. Remember, a laser can focus light like a flashlight but the light from the beam emitted usually stays the same frequency (color). By adding more power the beam gets strong, the light emitted is more concentrated than before. What a tunable laser allows is not only a stronger beam with more power, but the color can be changed. Since the beam can operate in the infrared and microwave you don't see a color change, although it can be seen with the proper sensors. Don't look directly into the beam of a laser. Video cameras with infrared filters (such as selenium charge-couple device viewers) can broadcast the image of an infrared beam on a video monitor.
Tunable lasers allow a range of sensitivity for exploring the physical world, such as biological systems and materials science. A frequency that could destroy the surface of a cell wall could be adjusted to a lower frequency to avoid damage with the tunable device. Spin-flip Raman lasers are short-lived and require such complexities as nitrogen or helium cryostats and superconducting magnets. All tunable lasers involve formidable problems of stability and reusability.
Sources:
C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishna. Nature 121, 501 (1928).
"Lasers; Tunable Lasers." Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemistry Technology. 3rd edition
(New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons), 1981. vol.14, p.61.
Tunable Lasers and Applications : Proceedings of the Loen Conference, Norway, 1976
editors, A. Mooradian, T. Jaeger, and P. Stokseth. (Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag), 1976.
Published as part of the Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol.3.
TA 1673 T86 1976 Chemistry Library
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description of the Background of Spin-Flip Raman Lasers
Stimulated Raman scattering processes have been applied recently in the development of tunable spin-flip Raman lasers such as disclosed by Chandra K. N. Patel and Earl. D. Shaw, Physical Review B3, 1279 (1971). Typically, previous devices consisted of focusing the optical pumping radiation from either a carbon monoxide laser at 5 mu m wavelengths or a carbon dioxide laser at 10 mu m wavelengths into a crystal of indium antimonide (InSb) which is held in a cryostat at a temperature of about T = 1oK to 30 oK; a variable magnetic field is applied to the indium antimonide crystal to produce and change the frequency of the spin-flip Raman laser output. The Raman scattering material which may be indium antimonide crystals shaped as a parallelepiped with dimensions of a few millimeters along each edge. At least two opposite sides are polished planes and parallel to form a Fabry-Perot type optical resonator. Generally, the polished sides are chosen to be those through which the pumping radiation enters and leaves the crystal. The spin-flip Raman laser operates using a semiconductor in a magnetic field. Each energy level in the conduction band splits into two levels, one with electron spin parallel to the magnetic field and the other with spin antiparallel. There may be transition involving Raman scattering of radiation, in which the electron spin changes its alignment. The wavelength of the laser is varied by changing the magnetic field, Tuning over a range of several micrometers in the infrared is easily possible . Spin- flip Raman lasers have been developed using InSb, Hg0.77Cd0.23Te and Pb0.88Sn0.12Te. At least one model of an InSb spin-flip Raman laser is marketed but most work is still in the research stage.
Semiconductor Tunable Raman lasers
InSb C.K.N. Patel and E.D. Shaw, Physical Reviews B, 3 (1279), 1971.
Invention of Earl Shaw for spin-flip tunable laser
Hg0.77Cd0.23Te P.W. Kruse. Applied Physical Letters. 28 (90) 1976.
Pb0.88Sn0.12Te K. Yasuda and J. Shirafuji. Applied Physics Letters 34 (661) 1979.
Devices constructed in this manner suffer from the disadvantages that the pumping source, such as the beam from a CO or CO2 laser, must be focused to a small spot to achieve sufficiently high irradiance in the scattering material to exceed the threshold for stimulated Raman scattering. The irradiance is limited by the focal length of the lens or mirror which is determined by the minimum distance that it can be positioned from the scattering material. Generally the focusing optic must be several centimeters. Also the resonators are constructed with uncoated external surfaces to provide a reflectance of 35%. The incident pumping radiation is thereby reduced 35% by this reflectance at the entrance surface after traversing the length of the scattering material, the internal irradiance is further reduced 65% by transmission through the exit surface. The internal irradiance is distributed throughout the volume of the plane-parallel resonator because of multiple reflections of the boundary surfaces. Each of these conditions effects a reduction in the internal irradiance which requires higher incident power in the pumping beam to exceed the threshold for stimulated Raman scattering. The plane-parallel type resonator also is extremely susceptible to high radiation losses because of misalignment of the end surfaces and defraction of the resonant wave front.
Source:
U.S. 4,023,117
"Stimulated Raman scattering resonator." (May 10, 1977)
INVENTOR: William J. Schade, San Diego, California
ASSIGNEE-AT-ISSUE: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, District of Columbia.
the heating plant and power station for the University of Iowa
a sewage treatment plant in Grand Rapids, Michigan
an airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama
Tidal Basin bridge and seawall in Washington, D.C.
Whitehurst Freeway in Washington, D.C.
Memberships
Honorary Civil Engineering Degree, The University of Iowa.
Member and founder of the Omega Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity.
Awarded the Laurel Wreath by Kappa Alpha Psi for most outstanding accomplishment, 1926.
Spingarn Medal (1928) -- given by NAACP for the highest achievement of a black man
Named One of the first 100 citizens of merit among the University of Iowa's 30,000 alumni.
Trustee of Tuskegee Institute
Honorary Doctor of Civil Engineering, Howard University (1946).
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 6.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 48.
Afro-American Encyclopedia.
Martin Rywell and Charles H. Wesley. (Educational Book Publishers: North Miami, FL), 1974. v.1, p. 107.
Current Biography. 1955
(H. W. Wilson Co.: New York, NY), 1955. p.9-11.
Biographical History of Blacks in America Since 1528.
Edgar Allen Toppin. (McKay: New York, NY), 1971. p.246-247.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 6.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Current Biography. 1955
(H. W. Wilson Co.: New York, NY), 1955. p.9-11.
Source:
Blacks in Science and Medicine.
Vivian O. Sammons. (New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.), 1990. p.64-65.
... received 39 patents
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 9.
.. received 34 U.S. patents and 80 foreign patents.
Honorary Doctorate, Purdue University 1975
N.W. Comprehensive Health Planning Executive Committee.
Fellow of AAAS
Member, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
Member, American Chemical Society.
Member, National Society of Professional Enigneers.
Member, Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 9.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 48.
American Men and Women of Sciences., 12th ed. 1971
(New York, NY: Bowker Co.), 1971. p. 1246.
Historical Negro Biographies. 1968
Wilhelmena S. Robinson. (New York, NY: Publishers Co.), 1968.. p. 175-176.
In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles and Books Concerning More than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups.
Mary Mace Spradling, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1980. p. 223.
Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of Negro Descent in America.
(New York, NY: American Association of Engineering Associations).
1930-32, p.112.
1938-40, p.140.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 9.
DOE/OPA-0035(79).
As a quality engineer, Johnson has manufactured special purpose test equipment such as electronic switches, power supplies, oscilloscopes, test jigs, test racks, T-V center frequency generators, IF generators, FM generators, marker generators, signal generators and amplifiers. For almost twenty years, Aerojet has relied upon his expertise to guarantee a quality product. He has written quality control procedures for Aerojet Cape Canaveral and Vandenburg Missile Operations, and directed the propellant quality program for Polaris.
Recognized as a certified Quality and Reliability Engineer, Mr. Johnson played a leadership role in establishing registration criteria for professional engineers in quality engineering. He serves as Chairman of the Expert Examiners in Quality Engineering for the State of California.
Chairman, Expert Examiners in Quality Engineering for the State of California
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 53-54.
The number of patents attributed to Clarence L. Elder, as cited in the following sources ...
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 20.
... more than 12 patents... p. 20.
# Patent Invention Date
1 U.S. 4,000,400 Bidirectional Monitoring and Control System. Dec. 28, 1976
2 U.S. 3,770,269 Random Unit Generator Amusement Device. Nov. 6, 1973
3 U.S. 3,594,003 Programmed Association Game. Jul. 20, 1971
4 U.S. 3,556,531 Sweepstake Programmer. Jan. 19, 1971
Source
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office.
United States Patent Office.
Awarded a plaque at the New York International Patent Exposition for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Electronics.
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 21.
DOE/OPA-0035(79)
Blacks in Science and Medicine.
Vivian O. Sammons. (New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.), 1990. p.83.
In Black and White. A Guide to Magazine Articles, Newspaper Articles, and Books Concerning Black Individuals and Groups. Third edition. Two volumes.
Edited by Mary Mace Spradling. (Detroit: Gale Research), 1980.
Illustrations:
Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy (Washington, D.C..: Office of Public Affairs), 1979, p. 20.
DOE/OPA-0035(79).
Process of manufacturing carbons
Patent Number 252,386
Date: Tuesday, January 17, 1882
Apparatus for cooling and disinfecting
Patent Number 334,078
Date: Tuesday, January 12, 1886
Locking rack for hats, coats, and umbrellas
Patent Number 557, 076
Date: Tuesday, March 24, 1896
Lamp fixture
Patent Number 968,787
Date: Tuesday, August 30, 1910 Latimer, Lewis Howard and Brown, Charles W.
Water closets for railway cars
Patent Number 147,363
Date: Tuesday, February 10, 1874
Latimer, Lewis Howard and Nichols, Joseph V.
Electric lamp
Patent Number247,097
Date: Tuesday, September 13, 1881
Latimer, Lewis Howard and Tregoning, John
Globe supporter for electric lamps
Patent Number 255,212
Date: Tuesday, March 21, 1882
Source: African-American Inventors Database
Great Lakes Patent and Trademark Center's African-American Inventors Database,
Great Lakes Patent and Trademark Center of the Detroit Public Library
URL: http://www.detroit.lib.mi.us/glptc/aaid/ [Sources used in developing the searchable database]
In 1968, the Lewis H. Latimer Public School in Brooklyn was named for him.
At Last Recognition in America: A Reference Handbook of Unknown Black Inventors and Their Contributors to America. v. 1
James C. Williams, compiler. (Chicago, IL: B.C.A. Publishing Corp.), 1978. p. 16-17.
Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.
Louis Haber. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World), 1970. p.49-60.
Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern.
Ivan Van Sertima. (New Brunswick: Transition Books), 1984. p. 229-237.
Dictionary of American Negro Biography.
Rayfor W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, eds. (New York, NY: Norton), 1982. p. 385-386.
Eight Black American Inventors.
Robert C. Hayden. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley), 1972. p. 78-92.
Encyclopedia of Black America. 1985
Augustus Low and Virgil A. Clift, eds. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 1981. p. 497.
Hidden Contributors: Black Scientists and Inventors in America.
Aaron E. Klein. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday), 1971. p. 97-108.
Negro Year Book, 1931
(Tuskegee, AL : Negro Year Book Pub. Co.), p. 185-186.
Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915
Frank Lincoln Mather, ed. (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co.), 1976. p. 172.
Illustrations:
Ebony.
(Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co.), (July, 1967) p. 57. Includes a photograph.
The Crisis
(New York, NY: Crisis Publishing Co.).
June 1924, p. 76.
February 1929, p. 52.
December 1929, p. 424. Biography.
June/July 1984, p. 32-34. [Advertisement]
Aside:Plain concrete was economical, but beams of plain concrete fail by tension under very low stresses. Higher tensile strength materials, such as steel, were very expensive and less rigid. By using a combination of concrete and steel acting as a unit, rebar in concrete, high tensile qualities of steel allow concrete to stretch and twist with greater yield strngth than unreinforced concrete. The reinforcement of the concrete helps prevent cracks in the structures due to changes of temperature and shrinkage, as in walls, ceilings, and flooring.
Construction of the Walnut Park Plaza Apartments in 1927 that established Massiah's reputation as a leader in reinforced concrete. Frederick Massiah was awarded the Harmon Foundation Medal for Engineering in recognition of the outstanding beam and girder work on the project which cost approximately $10 million.
As his firm's reputation grew, Mr. Massiah received numerous government contracts. He subcontracted reinforced concrete work for construction projects throughout the nation. During a forty-five year span of activity stretching into the late 1960s, Massiah was responsible for building numerous structures:
Elliptical dome of the Ascension of Our Lord Church (the first structure of its kind in this country)
William Donner X-Ray laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania
Trenton Sewage Disposal Plant
Army barracks at Fort Meade, Maryland
United States Post Office buildings in
Coatesville, Pennsylvania;
Camden, New Jersey;
Germantown, Pennsylvania
Morton Housing Development, a $5 million project.
Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist.
Hattie Carwell. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 70-71.
"Frederick M. Massiah Dies." Philadelphia Tribune (July 12, 1975)